Side Effects Of Competition
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Side Effects Of Competition
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Author : Guy David
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Side Effects Of Competition written by Guy David and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Economics categories.
The extent of pharmaceutical advertising and promotion can be characterized by a balancing act between profitable demand expansions and potentially unfavorable subsequent regulatory actions. However, this balance also depends on the nature of competition (e.g. monopoly versus oligopoly). In this paper we model the firm's behavior under different competitive scenarios and test the model's predictions using a novel combination of sales, promotion, advertising, and adverse event reports data. We focus on the market for erectile dysfunction drugs as the basis for estimation. This market is ideal for analysis as it is characterized by an abrupt shift in structure, all drugs are branded, the drugs are associated with adverse health events, and have extensive advertising and promotion. We find that advertising and promotion expenditures increase own market share but also increase the share of adverse drug reactions. Competitors' spending decreases market share, while also having an influence on adverse drug reactions.
No Contest
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Author : Alfie Kohn
language : en
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Release Date : 1992
No Contest written by Alfie Kohn and has been published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Aggressiveness categories.
Argues that competition is inherently destructive and that competitive behavior is culturally induced, counter-productive, and causes anxiety, selfishness, self-doubt, and poor communication.
What Is The Impact Of Increased Business Competition
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Author : Sónia Félix
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2019-12-13
What Is The Impact Of Increased Business Competition written by Sónia Félix and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-13 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper studies the macroeconomic effect and underlying firm-level transmission channels of a reduction in business entry costs. We provide novel evidence on the response of firms' entry, exit, and employment decisions. To do so, we use as a natural experiment a reform in Portugal that reduced entry time and costs. Using the staggered implementation of the policy across the Portuguese municipalities, we find that the reform increased local entry and employment by, respectively, 25% and 4.8% per year in its first four years of implementation. Moreover, around 60% of the increase in employment came from incumbent firms expanding their size, with most of the rise occurring among the most productive firms. Standard models of firm dynamics, which assume a constant elasticity of substitution, are inconsistent with the expansionary and heterogeneous response across incumbent firms. We show that in a model with heterogeneous firms and variable markups the most productive firms face a lower demand elasticity and expand their employment in response to increased entry.
Antitrust Implications Of Competition Without Equilibrium In Multisided Markets
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Author : Justin (Gus) Hurwitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Antitrust Implications Of Competition Without Equilibrium In Multisided Markets written by Justin (Gus) Hurwitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
A substantial literature on multisided markets - markets with multiple distinct groups of consumers who care about the extent of participation of other groups in the market - has developed over the past decade. This literature has not given substantial consideration to a critical characteristic of these markets: under competitive conditions multisided markets do not have a unique endogenous equilibrium. This is markedly different from most traditional markets, in which competition tends to push the market into a unique equilibrium - an equilibrium that has the fortunate characteristic of maximizing social welfare. This has potentially important ramifications for antitrust law, which is largely predicated on the assumption that competition causes markets to tend towards a welfare maximizing equilibrium. This paper considers circumstances under which traditional antitrust analysis may predictably be led astray by multisidedness, and factors that we may consider to avoid such errors. Generally, antitrust analysis of multisided markets requires different understandings of market power and competitive effects. Unlike in traditional markets, in some cases multisided market power may actually limit a firm's ability to engage in anticompetitive conduct; conversely, in other cases reducing a firm's market power may reduce social welfare. In terms of competitive effects, we need to look at how firms compete in multisided markets and how this process of competition affects social welfare. A central, and unique, element of competition in multisided markets is that firms compete by trying to get each side of the market to identify them with high-value participants of the other sides of the market. In addition, two analytical factors critical to understanding the effects of competition on social welfare are the need to understand the direction (positive or negative) of effects that changed participation on one side of the market has on the other sides, and the need to look at the effect that such changes have on the average (not the marginal) consumer. Each of these considerations stands out as different from both traditional understandings of competition and traditional approaches to antitrust analysis. By identifying these differences and discussing how to think about them, this paper helps to improve how we think about this important class of markets - and hopefully will help to avoid harmful antitrust and regulatory action in them.
Encyclopedia Of Applied Psychology
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Author : Charles Spielberger
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2004-09-02
Encyclopedia Of Applied Psychology written by Charles Spielberger and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Encompasses topics including aging (geropsychology), assessment, clinical, cognitive, community, counseling, educational, environmental, family, industrial/organizational, health, school, sports, and transportation psychology. Each entry provides a clear definition, a brief review of the theoretical basis, and emphasizes major areas of application.
Gender And Competition
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Author : Alison L. Booth
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Gender And Competition written by Alison L. Booth and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Pay equity categories.
In almost all European Union countries, the gender wage gap is increasing across the wages distribution. In this lecture I briefly survey some recent studies aiming to explain why apparently identical women and men receive such different returns and focus especially on those incorporating pyschological factors as an explanation of the gender gap. Research areas with high potential returns to further analysis are identified. Several examples from my own recent experimental work with Patrick Nolen are also presented. These try to distinguish between the role of nature and nurture in affecting behavioural differences between men and women that might lead to gender wage gaps.
Alive At Work
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Author : Daniel M. Cable
language : en
Publisher: Harvard Business Press
Release Date : 2018-03-06
Alive At Work written by Daniel M. Cable and has been published by Harvard Business Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-06 with Business & Economics categories.
Poll after poll has confirmed that an astonishing number of workers are disengaged from their work. Why is this happening? And how can we fix the problem? In this bold, enlightening book, social psychologist and professor Daniel M. Cable takes leaders into the minds of workers and reveals the surprising secret to restoring their zest for work. Disengagement isn't a motivational problem, it's a biological one. Humans aren't built for routine and repetition. We're designed to crave exploration, experimentation, and learning--in fact, there's a part of our brains, which scientists have coined "the seeking system," that rewards us for taking part in these activities. But the way organizations are run prevents many of us from following our innate impulses. As a result, we shut down. Things need to change. More than ever before, employee creativity and engagement are needed to win. Fortunately, it won't take an extensive overhaul of your organizational culture to get started. With small nudges, you can personally help people reach their fullest potential. Alive at Work reveals: How to encourage people to bring their best selves to work and use their greatest strengths to help your organization flourish How to build creative environments that motivate people to share ideas, work smarter, and embrace change How to enhance people's connection to their work and your customers How to create personalized experiences that help people feel a deeper sense of purpose Filled with fascinating stories from the author's extensive research, Alive at Work is the inspirational guide that you need to tap into the passion, creativity, and purpose fizzing beneath the surface of every person who falls under your leadership.
Determinants And Effects Of Competition
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Author : Felix Montag
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Determinants And Effects Of Competition written by Felix Montag and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
The Oxford Handbook Of Productivity Analysis
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Author : Emili Grifell-Tatjé
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-08-07
The Oxford Handbook Of Productivity Analysis written by Emili Grifell-Tatjé and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-07 with Business & Economics categories.
Productivity underpins business success and national well-being and thus it is crucial to understand the factors that influence productivity growth. This volume provides a comprehensive exploration into the significance of productivity growth for business, the economy, and for social economic progress. It examines how productivity is defined, measured and implemented. It also surveys the dispersion of productivity across time and place, focusing on the productivity dynamics that either leads to a reallocation of resources that reduces dispersion and increases aggregate productivity or, conversely, allows dispersion to persist behind barriers to productivity-enhancing reallocation. A third focus is an investigation of the drivers of, or impediments to, productivity growth, some of which are organizational in nature and under management control and others of which are institutional in nature and subject to public policy intervention. The Oxford Handbook of Productivity Analysis contains contributions of distinguished productivity experts from around the world who analyze a wide range of timely issues. These issues concern purely analytical topics surrounding the measurement of productivity in various situations, beginning with the ideal situation in which all inputs and all outputs, and their prices, are observed accurately. They also include service sectors such as education in which the services provided are hard to define, much less measure, and other sectors that generate undesirable environmental externalities that are difficult to price and complicate the very definition of productivity. The issues also involve business management topics ranging from the role of business models and benchmarking to the quality of management practices, the adoption of new technologies, and possible complementarities between the two. The relationship between productivity and business performance is also explored. At a more aggregate level the issues range from the impacts of market power, incentive regulation, international trade and global value chains on productivity, to the contribution of productivity to economic development and economic welfare.
The Analysis Of Competition Policy And Sectoral Regulation
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Author : Martin Peitz
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2014-07-07
The Analysis Of Competition Policy And Sectoral Regulation written by Martin Peitz and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-07 with Business & Economics categories.
This volume contains a selection of papers that were presented at the CRESSE Conferences held in Chania, Crete, from July 6th to 8th, 2012, and in Corfu from July 5th to 7th, 2013. The chapters address current policy issues in competition and regulation. The book contains contributions at the frontier of competition economics and regulation and provides perspectives on recent research findings in the field. Written by experts in their respective fields, the book brings together current thinking on market forces at play in imperfectly competitive industries, how firms use anti-competitive practices to their advantage and how competition policy and regulation can address market failures. It provides an in-depth analysis of various ongoing debates and offers fresh insights in terms of conceptual understanding, empirical findings and policy implications. The book contributes to our understanding of imperfectly competitive markets, anti-competitive practices and competition policy and regulation.