Silicon On Insulator Based Nanophotonic Devices For Optical Signal Processing And Nanoparticle Sensing
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Silicon On Insulator Based Nanophotonic Devices For Optical Signal Processing And Nanoparticle Sensing
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Author : Yi Ho Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Silicon On Insulator Based Nanophotonic Devices For Optical Signal Processing And Nanoparticle Sensing written by Yi Ho Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
"Silicon is the material that has become the basic and most important platform for the development of microelectronics in the past few decades. Silicon is not only the dominant semiconductor material for CMOS technology, but also a good candidate for optical high-speed interconnections and signal processing in 1.5-[mu]m telecommunication windows due to its high refractive index, large bandgap and strong nonlinearity. In parallel, silicon-based optical biosensing devices have recently been developed by taking advantage of the optical properties of the nanostructured silicon devices. First, we studied the nonlinear dispersion in a silicon waveguide using an optical pump-probe setup. The pump and the probe signals are co-propagating in the waveguide, and we observed the nonlinear dispersion (Kerr effect) resulting from cross-phase modulation. The nonlinear dispersion produced polarization rotation in the probe transmission, and therefore all-optical modulation was achieved with less than one picosecond switching window. Next, we studied the slow-light dispersion in a one-dimensional photonic crystal based microring resonator. We first designed and optimized the waveguide-to-resonator coupling in the high-dispersion regime near the band-edge. Then, we observed the slow-light effect with a maximum measured group index of ~20. Because of the slow-light effect, the free spectral range (FSR) is reduced, and quality factor (Q-factor) is increased in the transmission spectrum. With this approach, we can reduce the size of the ring resonator while maintaining a large FSR. Inspired by the unique standing wave resonance profile patterns, we designed a novel multi-waveguide-coupled microring. Depending on the relative azimuthal position of the waveguides, we can selectively filter a set of resonances for signal processing applications. The bandwidth of the device can be improved by employing a chirped two-dimensional photonic crystal defect waveguide. Last, we designed a novel two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal based air slot microcavities. The slot effect enables tight optical confinement in the 100-nm-wide air slot. Because of this strong optical confinement, this device is highly sensitive to the refractive index perturbation in the air slot region. With an active volume of ~0.08[mu]m3 and the device is capable of detecting nano-particle with diameters well below 100 nm"--Page vi-vii.
Photonics Elements For Sensing And Optical Conversions
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Author : Nikolay L. Kazanskiy
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-12-08
Photonics Elements For Sensing And Optical Conversions written by Nikolay L. Kazanskiy and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-08 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book covers a number of a rapidly growing areas of knowledge that may be termed as diffractive nanophotonics. It also discusses in detail photonic components that may find uses in sensorics and optical transformations. Photonics Elements for Sensing and Optical Conversions, covers a number of rapidly growing areas of knowledge that may be termed as diffractive nanophotonics. The book examines the advances in computational electrodynamics and nanoelectronics that have made it possible to design and manufacture novel types of photonic components and devices boasting unique properties unattainable in the realm of classical optics. The authors discuss plasmonic sensors, and new types of wavefront sensors and nanolasers that are widely used in telecommunications, quantum informatics and optical transformations. The book also deals with the recent advances in the plasmonic sensors based on metal-insulator-metal waveguides for biochemical sensing applications. Additionally, nanolasers are examined in detail, with a focus on contemporary issues, the book also deals with the fundamentals and highly attractive applications of metamaterials and metasurfaces. The authors provide an insight into sensors based on Zernike optical decomposition using a multi-order diffractive optical element, and explore the performance advances that can be achieved with optical computing. The book is written for opticians, scientists and researchers who are interested in an interesting section of plasmonic sensors, new types of wavefront sensors and nanolasers, and optical transformations. The book will be bought by upper graduate and graduate level students looking to specialize in photonics and optics.
Modeling Silicon On Insulator Photonic Devices
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Author : Aashish Singh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Modeling Silicon On Insulator Photonic Devices written by Aashish Singh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Integrated circuits categories.
In recent times the use of silicon for fabricating active photonic devices has received widespread attention. Many photonic devices such as lasers, amplifiers, modulators and wavelength converters which were once conceived to be impossible to fabricate in silicon have been demonstrated. These developments are promising from the point of view of photonic related applications as well as for Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuits (OEIC). The convergence of electronic and photonic components can result in a cost effective and compact silicon chip. The application areas of such an OEIC can range from optical communications, through optical interconnects in Integrated Circuits (IC's), digital signal processing and sensing to biomedicine. The experimental demonstrations of silicon based photonic devices are promising. However, the performance of these devices needs further improvement to challenge their commercially-available counterparts made from III-V group elements. To enable performance optimization, development of suitable device physics and mathematical models are indispensable. The physics of the silicon photonic devices is electro-optic in nature. However, the mathematical models reported in the literature optimize the device performance from the optical point of view and account for the associated electronics in a very limited sense. The inclusion of the associated electronics is usually done through an extremely simplified term G=N/'tau', i.e., generation rate (G) of the free-carriers is equal to the recombination rate (N/'tau'), with 'tau' being the effective carrier lifetime. The transport of the free carriers is mostly neglected from the modeling equations. Such simplification may be valid for short optical pulses of picoseconds or less. However, in devices where the optical beam is a continuous wave, such an approximation is invalid as shown in this thesis. Further, the fabrication of the P-i-N diode structure in the silicon waveguide is a common method to control the free-carrier density in the waveguiding medium. The applied bias controls the free carrier density via the transport of the free carriers into and out of the waveguide. Hence it is intuitively clear that the modeling of these devices should exhaustively account for both the electronic and the optical physics. To accomplish such a coupled electro-optic model, three tasks were systematically carried out. In Chapter 3, the physical phenomena coupling the electronic and optical device physics was thoroughly studied. The coupling phenomenon is the plasma dispersion effect (PLDE)omenclature{PLDE}{Plasma dispersion effect}. The PLDE relates the linear dielectric constant of silicon to the density of the free charge carriers. In Chapter 4, an extensive study of P-i-N photodiode device physics was carried out. A P-i-N diode rib waveguide used in silicon photonic applications closely resembles a P-i-N photodiode. Thus, a thorough understanding of the carrier transport modeling and the P-i-N photodiode device physics helped in developing physical insight into the electro-optic process. This assisted in developing a novel sliced waveguide model in Chapter 5. The model enabled solution of the initial-boundary value differential equations, describing the electro-optic device physics of silicon photonic devices. The model was validated by reproducing the results of published work in the literature. The model was used to study the influence of the inclusion/neglect of the carrier transport on the CW Raman amplification. The discrepancy observed between the modeling results and the published experimental data were examined. The potential causes of the discrepancy were studied in Chapter 6. In particular space charge electric field strength, diffusion in the rib region and the distribution of the electric field in the depletion region were examined. The analysis resulted in some practical guidelines which may be helpful in the performance enhancement of the silicon photonic devices.
Silicon Nanowires For Integrated Photonics
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Author : Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Silicon Nanowires For Integrated Photonics written by Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Silicon Nanowires (SiNWs) with ability to confine carriers and photons in two directions while allowing propagation in third dimension offer interesting modified optical properties such as increased material absorption and optical non-linearities with regard to that of bulk silicon. Enhanced optical properties in SiNWs open a window not only to improve the performance of existing devices but also to realize novel structures. As such, I chose to investigate SiNWs for their applications in photonics, especially for sensing and non-linear devices. My goal was to conduct fundamental research on the optical properties of these SiNWs, and then develop an integration platform to realize practical devices. The platform should be compatible with IC manufacturing. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) using a Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) resist followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE) is used for SiNWs fabrication. Now we are able to fabricate nanowires as small as 15 nm in diameter with the smallest separation of 50 nm. In addition, the interface between SiNWs and Si substrate is optically smooth enabling us to fundamentally understand optical properties of these structures. During the course of this project, I have contributed new fundamental knowledge about SiNWs. For example, Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) is demonstrated in SiNWs, which is absent in bulk silicon. This is achieved by self-straining the nanowires and is the first demonstration of this kind. Second-order non-linearities are more efficient for optical signal processing than third-order ones (which have been used for silicon photonics devices so far). Therefore, these results open a new area of research in silicon. In addition to second order nonlinearity, high enhancement of Raman scattering is achieved in SiNWs fabricated on Silicon on Insulator (SOI) substrate. This can find promising applications in sensing and nonlinear based devices such as optical switches and logic gates. Further, polarization resolved reflections from these nanowire arrays were measured and significant differences were observed for the reflection characteristics for the sand p-polarized beams. In order to understand these reflections, an effective index model is proposed based on calculations using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Results of this analysis provide useful information for designing of many optical devices using SiNWs such as solar cells and photodetectors. As another part of this thesis, vivid colors in mutually coupled SiNWs is demonstrated where nanowire diameters range from 105 nm to 345 nm. A simple sensor is demonstrated by observing the change in the reflected color with changing refractive index of the surrounding medium. A refractive index resolution of 5×10-5 is achieved using a simple charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Although, there were some paradigm shifting results during my fundamental studies, it became very apparent that SiNWs suffer from a major issue inhibiting their use in photonics devices. Below the diameter of 100 nm where these enhanced material properties were observed, SiNW is a poor optical waveguide with less than 1 % of light confined. The low confinement factor means that though the intrinsic properties of SiNWs increase, the overall device performance is not significantly enhanced. To overcome this issue, a new platform technology is invented, called Silicon Nanowire Optical Waveguide (SNOW). It combines the material advantages of nanostructures with the optical properties of conventional waveguides, and consists of arrays of nanowires in close proximity. It is shown that such a structure can guide an optical mode using the FDTD method. This waveguide structure can be used as a versatile platform to manufacture various devices such as sensors, switches, modulators, grating, and delay lines. For instance, a novel bio-sensor is proposed and designed whose sensitivity is enhanced by a factor of 20, compared to conventional silicon-wire waveguides.
Integrated Optical Signal Processing Based On Optical Waveguides And Wavefront Engineered Planar Devices
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Author : Yuewang Huang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Integrated Optical Signal Processing Based On Optical Waveguides And Wavefront Engineered Planar Devices written by Yuewang Huang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This thesis is dedicated to the investigation of optical signal processing in integrated photonic platforms. In particular, I developed novel devices and techniques based on silcon-on-sapphire (SOS), silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides, as well as plasmonic metasurfaces and dielectric gratings based nanophotonic wavefront-engineered planar devices. Using these devices, several applications of telecommunication wavelengths and mid-IR wavelengths are presented. The first part of the thesis investigates novel devices based on SOS and SiN technology and optical signal processing by using these devices. The fabrication techniques of both SOS and SiN waveguide are introduced with main focusing on the deposition of the guiding material (Si and SiN). Fabrication of SiN channel waveguides was pursued in the context of providing a guiding channel for optical leaky wave antenna (OLWA). A new technique of fabricating SiN waveguide with conventional optical lithography was also discussed. The fabricated SiN waveguides have a propagation loss of 0.8dB/cm and nonlinear refractive index of n2=1.39 710−19m2/W. Then, a gas sensor based on mid-IR evanescent absorption in SOS waveguide was proposed. Strip, rib and slot waveguides were designed for optimized interaction with the gas. A case study of CO2 detection based on its mid-IR absorption peak at ~4.23[mu]m can achieve a resolution of 2ppm. To further improve the sensing performance, a new scheme of indirect detection of mid-IR signal was proposed. One of the main challenges in the field involves the detection of mid-IR signal at room temperature. I developed an indirect detection system. Mid-IR signal was first converted to the near-IR wavelength through wavelength conversion in a SOS waveguide and then indirectly detected with high-performance telecommunication detectors. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) could be improved by 40dB compared to direct detection using mid-IR detectors. The SNR improvement is highly dependent on the conversion efficiency and bandwidth of the wavelength conversion process. To enhance the efficiency and bandwidth, quasi-phase-matching in SOS and SOI waveguides was investigated. By alternating the waveguide sections with opposite dispersion periodically, efficiency can be enhanced by 50dB and bandwidth can be broadened by 2x.The second part of the thesis focused on the design and fabrication of two types of wavefront-engineered planar devices. The first type is a blazed grating based on phase-gradient gap-plasmon metasurface. 75.6% power efficiency with ~0.4°/10nm spatial dispersion has been measured. The fabricated device has been tested in a dispersive imaging system, achieving
Modeling And Characterization Of Strongly Coupled Silicon On Insulator Nanophotonic Devices
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Author : Michael Lawrence Cooper
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Modeling And Characterization Of Strongly Coupled Silicon On Insulator Nanophotonic Devices written by Michael Lawrence Cooper and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Silicon photonics is technologically attractive because of the possibility of monolithically integrating multi-element photonic waveguide circuits with complex electronic circuits. To reduce the footprint of the photonic components, it is possible to fabricate strongly-coupled waveguides and resonators, e.g., with sub-100 nm separation gaps. The most insightful design tool used for photonic devices, coupled mode theory (CMT), is considered suspect for high-index contrast strongly coupled waveguides. Using a numerically assisted coupled mode theory (NA-CMT) developed for arrayed waveguides, it was shown how one may modify the basis parameters within CMT to calculate more accurate modal profiles and more accurate estimates of the value and the wavelength dependency (i.e., dispersion) of coupling coefficients. Traditional CMT inaccurately predicts both the field peak locations and the exponential decay rates of the field envelopes in the cladding regions. Examples of strongly-coupled silicon photonic devices based on waveguides and couplers include giant birefringence multi-slot waveguides, and large-bandwidth coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWS) consisting of several hundred coupled silicon microring resonators. Numerical techniques will be reported for accurately simulating the transmission properties of strongly coupled arrayed waveguides and disordered CROWs in excellent agreement with experimental measurements on fabricated devices. Experimental methods were developed for the accurate measurement of transmitted intensity and group delay of silicon nanophotonic waveguides and multi-resonator circuits including CROWs and side-coupled integrated spaced sequence of resonators (SCISSORS). The role of external amplification in reliably measuring waveguide transmission using the method of swept wavelength interferometry was studied in detail. Also, a technique of swept-wavelength infrared imaging was developed and applied for quantitative diagnostics of multi-resonator circuits which need not have accessible drop ports on every device.
Silicon Photonic Devices For Microwave Signal Generation And Processing
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Author : Nasrin Ehteshami
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Silicon Photonic Devices For Microwave Signal Generation And Processing written by Nasrin Ehteshami and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Optoelectronics
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Author : P. Predeep
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2011-10-05
Optoelectronics written by P. Predeep and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-05 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Optoelectronics - Devices and Applications is the second part of an edited anthology on the multifaced areas of optoelectronics by a selected group of authors including promising novices to experts in the field. Photonics and optoelectronics are making an impact multiple times as the semiconductor revolution made on the quality of our life. In telecommunication, entertainment devices, computational techniques, clean energy harvesting, medical instrumentation, materials and device characterization and scores of other areas of R
Applications Of Nanobiotechnology
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Author : Margarita Stoytcheva
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2020-07-08
Applications Of Nanobiotechnology written by Margarita Stoytcheva and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-08 with Science categories.
This book is dedicated to the applications of nanobiotechnology, i.e. the way that nanotechnology is used to create devices to study biological systems and phenomena. It includes seven chapters, organized in two sections. The first section (Chapters 1–5) covers a large spectrum of issues associated with nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle toxicity, and the role of nanotechnology in drug delivery, tissue engineering, agriculture, and biosensing. The second section (Chapters 6 and 7) is devoted to the properties of nanofluids and the medical and biological applications of computational fluid dymanics modeling.
Lab On Fiber Technology
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Author : Andrea Cusano
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-07-29
Lab On Fiber Technology written by Andrea Cusano and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-29 with Science categories.
This book focuses on a research field that is rapidly emerging as one of the most promising ones for the global optics and photonics community: the “lab-on-fiber” technology. Inspired by the well-established "lab on-a-chip" concept, this new technology essentially envisages novel and highly functionalized devices completely integrated into a single optical fiber for both communication and sensing applications. Based on the R&D experience of some of the world's leading authorities in the fields of optics, photonics, nanotechnology, and material science, this book provides a broad and accurate description of the main developments and achievements in the lab-on-fiber technology roadmap, also highlighting the new perspectives and challenges to be faced. This book is essential for scientists interested in the cutting-edge fiber optic technology, but also for graduate students.