Spatial Competition With Intermediated Matching
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Spatial Competition With Intermediated Matching
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Author : Chris van Raalte
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Spatial Competition With Intermediated Matching written by Chris van Raalte and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Competition categories.
Spatial Competition With Intermediated Matching
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Author : Christiaan Lambert Jan Peter Raalte
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Spatial Competition With Intermediated Matching written by Christiaan Lambert Jan Peter Raalte and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Competition categories.
Disruptive Technologies Innovation And Global Redesign Emerging Implications
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Author : Ekekwe, Ndubuisi
language : en
Publisher: IGI Global
Release Date : 2012-02-29
Disruptive Technologies Innovation And Global Redesign Emerging Implications written by Ekekwe, Ndubuisi and has been published by IGI Global this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-29 with Computers categories.
"This book provides case studies as well as practical and theoretical chapters on the issues surrounding disruptive technologies, innovation, and global redesign"--Provided by publisher.
European Commission Decisions On Competition
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Author : Francesco Russo
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010-07-08
European Commission Decisions On Competition written by Francesco Russo and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-07-08 with Business & Economics categories.
European Commission Decisions on Competition provides a comprehensive economic classification and analysis of all European Commission decisions adopted pursuant to Articles 101, 102 and 106 of the FEU Treaty from 1962 to 2009. It also includes a sample of landmark European merger cases. The decisions are organised according to the principal economic theory applied in the case. For each economic category, the seminal Commission decision that became a reference point for that type of anticompetitive behaviour is described. For this, a fixed template format is used throughout the book. All subsequent decisions in which the same economic principle was applied are listed chronologically. It complements the most widely used textbooks in industrial organisation, competition economics and competition law, to which detailed references are offered. The book contains source material for teachers and students, scholars of competition law and economics, as well as practising competition lawyers and officials.
The Economic Assessment Of Mergers Under European Competition Law
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Author : Daniel Gore
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-25
The Economic Assessment Of Mergers Under European Competition Law written by Daniel Gore and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-25 with Law categories.
This concise and practical guide to the most important economic techniques and evidence employed in modern merger control draws on the authors' extensive experience in advising on European merger cases. It offers an introduction to the relevant economic concepts and analytical tools, and stand-alone chapters provide an in-depth overview of the theoretical and practical issues related to market definition, unilateral effects, coordinated effects and non-horizontal mergers. Each form of economic evidence and analysis is illustrated with practical examples and an overview of key merger decisions.
Stochastic Models Of Decision Making In Arranged Marriages
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Author : Amitrajeet A. Batabyal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Stochastic Models Of Decision Making In Arranged Marriages written by Amitrajeet A. Batabyal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
The central objective of this work is to demonstrate how the theory of stochastic processes and the techniques of stochastic modeling can be used to effectively model arranged marriage settings and to help explain various aspects of the nature of decision-making in arranged marriages. Economists_and social scientists more generally_will find this book useful when conducting empirical and theoretical research on a subject of considerable importance in contemporary times.
Consistent Conjectural Variations And Collusion In Spatial Competition
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Author : Ralph M. Braid
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986
Consistent Conjectural Variations And Collusion In Spatial Competition written by Ralph M. Braid and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with categories.
Implementing Effective Remedies For Anti Competitive Intermediation Bias On Vertically Integrated Platforms
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Author : Richard Feasey
language : en
Publisher: Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE)
Release Date : 2019-10-24
Implementing Effective Remedies For Anti Competitive Intermediation Bias On Vertically Integrated Platforms written by Richard Feasey and has been published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl (CERRE) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-24 with Political Science categories.
This report considers the challenges that arise in remedying ‘intermediation bias’ by vertically integrated digital platforms which match the needs of different groups of users so they can transact with each other. Platforms perform this intermediation function by displaying and ranking those services or products which are most relevant to the users’ needs and, in doing so, compete for consumers’ attention. What is intermediation bias? Platforms compete for users’ attention to varying degrees depending on the ease with which users can switch between platforms and their inclination to do so, entry barriers for other platforms, and many other factors. Generally, platforms have an incentive to offer consumers the most relevant matches, because the platforms can then capture part of the value that has been created for both the consumer and the businesses that are being intermediated. However, sometimes platforms may also have incentives to deviate from offering the most relevant matches first and bias the intermediation towards matches that are more profitable to themselves. This concern is especially pronounced in the context of vertically integrated platforms which undertake both the intermediation function and supply services or products in the downstream market and who therefore have the ability to direct users’ attention towards their affiliated services and products, even if rival services or products are more relevant to users’ needs. Such ‘biased intermediation’ may harm consumers, both by providing them with poorer matches on the platform and by distorting competition in the relevant downstream market and, potentially, in the platform market itself. Competition authorities have prosecuted a number of significant cases involving intermediation bias – including the recent Google Shopping case – and it seems likely that further cases will be pursued in the future. It can be very difficult to detect bias in the first place, or to determine the source of any bias that has been detected. Digital platforms use very complex algorithms to perform their intermediation functions and make frequent changes to them. Distinguishing between legitimate changes which improve the quality of matches and those which unfairly bias them can be very difficult since the impact of any individual adjustment can be subtle and the effects can be cumulative. This task may be even more difficult ex post, as competitive conditions may have changed in the meantime. This report does not imply that all vertically integrated platforms engage in biased intermediation, nor does it elaborate on how to detect intermediation bias and theories of harm. Rather, it presupposes that a competent authority, whether a competition authority or a regulatory authority with the power to impose ex-post remedies, has identified intermediation bias and it is necessary to remedy it. The aim of this report is to discuss the approach to remedies in this context. Challenges when remedying intermediation bias The challenge of remedying intermediation bias arises in part because a user’s attention is rivalrous and the selection and ranking of matches must involve giving prominence to some results and demoting or excluding others. Non-discrimination rules of the kind applied in the regulation of vertically integrated firms in network industries would compromise the core sorting function which the platform performs. Other remedies used in network industries, such as those requiring regulated access to upstream inputs, are also inappropriate when rivals in digital markets require equal access to users’ attention rather than to specific factors of production. Effective remedies against intermediation bias must either ensure that the platform no longer has an incentive to engage in biased intermediation by separating ownership of the platform from the entity engaged in the downstream activities, or must ensure that the platform no longer has the ability to produce matches which would harm users of the platform. The need for experimentation We recognise that competition authorities may be reluctant to undertake their own remedy design and may prefer to rely upon proposals submitted by platforms, criticisms by rivals, or benchmarks or quotas which specify outcomes in the downstream market rather than directly addressing bias in the intermediation process itself. This seems unsatisfactory. Instead, we would urge public authorities – whether a competition authority or some other body such as a specialist ‘digital agency’ or another existing regulatory body – to demand access to the same experimental data which the platform itself used when proposing any particular remedy. This means the authority would have the same access to internal data and documents of a firm as it is able to obtain when seeking to establish an abuse. In addition, the authority should be able to direct the platform to run other experiments in order to assess their effect on outcomes. They might even involve their own staff in the experiments being undertaken by the platform (as some financial service regulators now do before authorising new financial products). At the same time, a platform might submit experimental data before making changes to its factor-based mechanisms and obtain a ‘safe harbour’ ruling from the authority in return. We think the sharing of experimental data in this way could significantly improve the quality and effectiveness of remedies for intermediation bias, whilst also providing greater certainty and objectivity for dominant vertically integrated platforms that perform intermediation functions. Such data is commercially sensitive and confidentiality would need to be assured. Experiments of this kind are better suited to assessing the impact of incremental changes than fundamental ones and may not be able to determine whether a particular set of changes would restore downstream market conditions to those which prevailed prior to the abuse, as opposed to those which now prevail. The experiments may impose some additional costs on platforms and should be undertaken only for the specific purpose of remedy appraisal. Such a new approach may require new institutional arrangements and changes to the existing legal framework in order to implement them, and might involve both competition authorities and existing or new regulatory bodies working together in a way that they have not generally done to date. The boundaries between ex ante and ex post functions may be less obvious in the future: designing effective remedies for intermediation bias may require both ex ante assessments before they are introduced and ex post appraisals after implementation. It is likely to be a more iterative and a more collaborative process, informed by the scientific results of experiments, than anything we have seen undertaken by competition authorities to date.
Spatial Competition
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Author : Joseph William McAnneny
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Spatial Competition written by Joseph William McAnneny and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Competition categories.
The Efficiency Of Spatial Competition
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Author : Edwin S. Mills
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970
The Efficiency Of Spatial Competition written by Edwin S. Mills and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with categories.