State Enforcement Of Shale Gas Development Regulations Including Hydraulic Fracturing
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State Enforcement Of Shale Gas Development Regulations Including Hydraulic Fracturing
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Author : Hannah Jacobs Wiseman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
State Enforcement Of Shale Gas Development Regulations Including Hydraulic Fracturing written by Hannah Jacobs Wiseman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
The United States is in the midst of a boom in natural gas and oil production, much of which has occurred in shale formations around the country. As shale development has expanded -- largely as a result of new horizontal drilling and “slickwater” hydraulic fracturing (fracking, fracing, or hydofracking) techniques -- questions have arisen regarding the environmental risks of drilling and fracturing in shales and how laws, policies, and regulations address these risks. To understand whether and how regulation addresses risks, one must know both the content of regulations and how they are applied through inspections of well sites, notations of violations, and/or enforcement. An accompanying paper by this author, entitled “Regulation of Shale Gas Development, Including Hydraulic Fracturing” addresses the content of federal, regional, state, and local regulations that apply to shale gas development; this paper explores, in a preliminary fashion, how these regulations are applied. It briefly surveys complaints about shale gas and tight sands development (both of which typically require fracturing) lodged by citizens with state agencies, states' notation of environmental violations at shale gas and tight sands wells both in response to these complaints and as a result of independently-instigated site visits or self-reported violations, and states' capacity to inspect sites and enforce violations noted. The objective of this “on-the-ground” review of shale gas development regulatory activities is to offer a preliminary picture of the environmental effects of shale gas development and how states address them through citations of violations and/or initiation of enforcement action. Regulations have little effect if they are rarely applied to regulated actors or only sporadically enforced. Looking to both the content of regulations, violations of the regulations, and enforcement therefore provides a more complete regulatory picture. The Energy Institute at the University of Texas funded the research for this paper.
Permitting Shale Gas Development
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Author : Emily A. Collins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Permitting Shale Gas Development written by Emily A. Collins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
As a matter of historical practice and an exemption from the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, the regulatory framework for shale gas extraction currently resides within state permitting and enforcement structures. The 11th Circuit decision in Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation v. U.S. EPA prompted federal agency study, which resulted in Congress expressly excluding "the underground injection of fluids or propping agents (other than diesel fuels) pursuant to hydraulic fracturing operations related to oil, gas, or geothermal production activities" from the definition of "underground injection." Thus, in keeping with traditional regulation of on-shore oil and gas development and groundwater, states have been left to their own devices in addressing any potential underground migration of fluids and gas as a result of hydraulic fracturing activities.Left without a federal floor of minimal regulation in permitting shale gas extraction, states have routinely modified their statutes and rules to address increasing public concern and to reflect enhanced understanding of well construction and the hydraulic fracturing process. Yet, most states have not fully utilized their statutory authority to address the environmental risk assessment that would take place if the exemption of hydraulic fracturing activities from the federal definition of "underground injection" were not present. Rather than using their statutory authority to evaluate potential environmental impacts from shale gas extraction proposals, most states permitting of oil and gas development have stuck to a traditional role: require minimum well construction standards, setbacks, and a process for groundwater supply replacement. This approach differs dramatically from the predictive model-based approach of permitting underground injection control wells.
Regulation Of Shale Gas Development Including Hydraulic Fracturing
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Author : Hannah Jacobs Wiseman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Regulation Of Shale Gas Development Including Hydraulic Fracturing written by Hannah Jacobs Wiseman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This paper provides one of the first detailed surveys of current oil and gas and hydraulic fracturing (also called fracing, fracking, or hydrofracking) regulation. It identifies and compares the environmental laws and regulations that apply to most stages of the oil or gas development process in shales and tight sands, from conducting seismic testing to constructing a well pad, drilling, withdrawing water, completing a hydraulic fracture treatment, and storing and disposing of waste. It briefly describes municipal ordinances and federal regulations, including recently-announced EPA regulatory efforts, but focuses primarily on the states, comparing regulations in sixteen states. The paper's comparison tables show that state regulations in some areas vary substantially, and the paper attempts to connect the potential risks of oil and gas development from shales and tight sands -- which are addressed in another Energy Institute paper by Professor Ian Duncan -- to the regulation. The paper concludes that states should modify certain regulations to address these risks. Some states do not require specific types of blowout prevention, for example, offering only a narrative standard, yet well blowouts are an important concern at the drilling and fracturing stage. States also should update their casing and cementing regulations to protect well integrity during drilling and fracturing and ensure long-term well integrity, and they should require the testing of water around proposed wells before site construction begins. Ideally, states also would consider implementing a presumption of oil and gas operator liability for water well contamination, as Pennsylvania and West Virginia have done. For risks at the well surface, states should update spill prevention requirements at well sites and consider whether federal Department of Transportation regulations addressing the movement of fracturing chemicals adequately protect against spills. States also must explore better options for disposing of large quantities of new wastes and regulating the withdrawal of large volumes of water for fracturing to prevent adverse impacts to streams and overuse of underground sources of water. Further, states and the federal government must enhance air quality monitoring around sites and consider additional controls. Finally, the collection of more and better data, including information from baseline and post-production water testing, is essential. With states at the regulatory helm, comparison of public law strategies to address development risks can produce fruitful cross-jurisdictional lessons. The Energy Institute at the University of Texas funded the research for this paper.
Modern Shale Gas Development In The United States
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Modern Shale Gas Development In The United States written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Natural gas categories.
Shale Gas And Water Impacts
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Shale Gas And Water Impacts written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Business & Economics categories.
Unconventional Oil And Gas Development
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Author : U. s. Government Accountability Office
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
Release Date : 2013-03-14
Unconventional Oil And Gas Development written by U. s. Government Accountability Office and has been published by Createspace Independent Pub this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.
As with conventional oil and gas development, requirements from eight federal environmental and public health laws apply to unconventional oil and gas development. For example, the Clean Water Act (CWA) regulates discharges of pollutants into surface waters. Among other things, CWA requires oil and gas well site operators to obtain permits for discharges of produced water—which includes fluids used for hydraulic fracturing, as well as water that occurs naturally in oil- or gas-bearing formations—to surface waters. In addition, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) governs the management and disposal of hazardous wastes, among other things. However, key exemptions or limitations in regulatory coverage affect the applicability of six of these environmental and public health laws. For example, CWA also generally regulates stormwater discharges by requiring that facilities associated with industrial and construction activities get permits, but the law and its regulations largely exempt oil and gas well sites. In addition, oil and gas exploration and production wastes are exempt from RCRA hazardous waste requirements based on a regulatory determination made by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1988. EPA generally retains its authorities under federal environmental and public health laws to respond to environmental contamination. All six states in GAO's review implement additional requirements governing activities associated with oil and gas development and have updated some aspects of their requirements in recent years. For example, all six states have requirements related to how wells are to be drilled and how casing—steel pipe within the well—is to be installed and cemented in place, though the specifics of their requirements vary. The states also have requirements related to well site selection and preparation, which may include baseline testing of water wells before drilling or stormwater management. Oil and gas development on federal lands must comply with applicable federal environmental and state laws, as well as additional requirements. These requirements are the same for conventional and unconventional oil and gas development. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) oversees oil and gas development on approximately 700 million subsurface acres. BLM regulations for leases and permits govern similar types of activities as state requirements, such as requirements for how operators drill the well and install casing. BLM recently proposed new regulations for hydraulic fracturing of wells on public lands. Federal and state agencies reported several challenges in regulating oil and gas development from unconventional reservoirs. EPA officials reported that conducting inspection and enforcement activities and having limited legal authorities are challenges. For example, conducting inspection and enforcement activities is challenging due to limited information, such as data on groundwater quality prior to drilling. EPA officials also said that the exclusion of exploration and production waste from hazardous waste regulations under RCRA significantly limits EPA's role in regulating these wastes. In addition, BLM and state officials reported that hiring and retaining staff and educating the public are challenges. For example, officials from several states and BLM said that retaining employees is difficult because qualified staff are frequently offered more money for private sector positions within the oil and gas industry.
Marcellus Shale Gas
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Marcellus Shale Gas written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Science categories.
Oil And Gas
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Author : United States. Government Accountability Office
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Oil And Gas written by United States. Government Accountability Office and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Hydraulic fracturing categories.
New applications of horizontal drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing, in which water, sand, and chemical additives are injected under high pressure to create and maintain fractures in underground formations, allow oil and natural gas from shale formations (known as 'shale oil' and 'shale gas') to be developed. As exploration and development of shale oil and gas have increased, including in areas of the country without a history of oil and natural gas development, questions have been raised about the estimates of the size of these resources, as well as the processes used to extract them. GAO was asked to determine what is known about the (1) size of shale oil and gas resources and the amount produced from 2007 through 2011 and (2) environmental and public health risks associated with the development of shale oil and gas. GAO reviewed estimates and data from federal and nongovernmental organizations on the size and production of shale oil and gas resources. GAO also interviewed federal and state regulatory officials, representatives from industry and environmental organizations, oil and gas operators, and researchers from academic institutions. GAO is not making any recommendations in this report. We provided a draft of this report to the Department of Energy, the Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency for review. The Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency provided technical comments, which we incorporated as appropriate. The Department of Energy did not provide comments.
Unconventional Gas Shales
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Author : Anthony Andrews
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-02
Unconventional Gas Shales written by Anthony Andrews and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-02 with Science categories.
In the past, the oil and gas industry considered gas locked in tight, impermeable shale uneconomical to produce. However, advances in directional well drilling and reservoir stimulation have dramatically increased gas production from unconventional shales. There may be as much as 200 trillion cubic feet of natural gas technically recoverable from these shales. There is an expectation that the demand for natural gas will increase. Developing these shales comes with some controversy. Contents of this report: (1) Background; (2) Unconventional Gas Shale Resources in the U.S.; (3) Drilling and Development Technology; (4) Leasing Issues for Gas Development; (5) Fed. and State Laws and Regulations Affecting Gas Shale Development. Illus.
Oil And Gas
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Author : U.s. Government Accountability Office
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-08-04
Oil And Gas written by U.s. Government Accountability Office and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-04 with categories.
"New applications of horizontal drillingtechniques and hydraulic fracturing-inwhich water, sand, and chemicaladditives are injected under highpressure to create and maintainfractures in underground formations-allow oil and natural gas from shaleformations (known as "shale oil" and"shale gas") to be developed. Asexploration and development of shaleoil and gas have increased--includingin areas of the country without a historyof oil and natural gas development--questions have been raised about theestimates of the size of theseresources, as well as the processesused to extract them.GAO was asked to determine what isknown about the (1) size of shale oiland gas resources and the amountproduced from 2007 through 2011 and(2) environmental and public healthrisks associated with the developmentof shale oil and gas. GAO reviewedestimates and data from federal andnongovernmental organizations on thesize and production of shale oil andgas resources. GAO also interviewedfederal and state regulatory officials,representatives from industry andenvironmental organizations, oil andgas operators, and researchers fromacademic institutions.GAO is not making anyrecommendations in this report. Weprovided a draft of this report to theDepartment of Energy, the Departmentof the Interior, and the EnvironmentalProtection Agency for review. TheDepartment of the Interior and the"