Status Summary Of 3he And Neutron Detection Alternatives For Homeland Security
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Status Summary Of 3he And Neutron Detection Alternatives For Homeland Security
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Status Summary Of 3he And Neutron Detection Alternatives For Homeland Security written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This is a short summary whitepaper on results of our alternatives work: Neutron detection is an important aspect of interdiction of radiological threats for homeland security purposes since plutonium, a material used for nuclear weapons, is a significant source of fission neutrons [Kouzes 2005]. Because of the imminent shortage of 3He, which is used in the most commonly deployed neutron detectors, a replacement technology for neutron detection is required for most detection systems in the very near future [Kouzes 2009a]. For homeland security applications, neutron false alarms from a detector can result in significant impact. This puts a strong requirement on any neutron detection technology not to generate false neutron counts in the presence of a large gamma ray-only source [Kouzes et al. 2008].
Alternative Neutron Detection Testing Summary
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Alternative Neutron Detection Testing Summary written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Radiation portal monitors used for interdiction of illicit materials at borders include highly sensitive neutron detection systems. The main reason for having neutron detection capability is to detect fission neutrons from plutonium. Most currently deployed radiation portal monitors (RPMs) use neutron detectors based upon 3He-filled gas proportional counters, which are the most common large area neutron detector. This type of neutron detector is used in the TSA and other RPMs installed in international locations and in the Ludlum and Science Applications International Corporation RPMs deployed primarily for domestic applications. There is a declining supply of 3He in the world and, thus, methods to reduce the use of this gas in RPMs with minimal changes to the current system designs and sensitivity to cargo-borne neutrons are being investigated. Four technologies have been identified as being currently commercially available, potential alternative neutron detectors to replace the use of 3He in RPMs. These technologies are: 1) Boron trifluoride-filled proportional counters, 2) Boron-lined proportional counters, 3) Lithium-loaded glass fibers, and 4) Coated wavelength-shifting plastic fibers. Reported here is a summary of the testing carried out at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory on these technologies to date, as well as measurements on 3He tubes at various pressures. Details on these measurements are available in the referenced reports. Sponsors of these tests include the Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Department of Defense (DoD), as well as internal Pacific Northwest National Laboratory funds.
Current Status Of Helium 3 Alternative Technologies For Nuclear Safeguards
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Current Status Of Helium 3 Alternative Technologies For Nuclear Safeguards written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
International safeguards inspectorates (e.g., International Atomic Energy Agency {IAEA}, or Euratom) rely heavily on neutron assay techniques, and in particular, on coincidence counters for the verification of declared nuclear materials under safeguards and for monitoring purposes. While 3He was readily available, the reliability, safety, ease of use, gamma-ray insensitivity, and high intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency of 3He-based detectors obviated the need for alternative detector technologies. However, the recent decline of the 3He gas supply has triggered international efforts to develop and field neutron detectors that make use of alternative materials. In response to this global effort, the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and Euratom launched a joint effort aimed at bringing together international experts, technology users and developers in the field of nuclear safeguards to discuss and evaluate the proposed 3He alternative materials and technologies. The effort involved a series of two workshops focused on detailed overviews and viability assessments of various 3He alternative technologies for use in nuclear safeguards applications. The key objective was to provide a platform for collaborative discussions and technical presentations organized in a compact, workshop-like format to stimulate interactions among the participants. The meetings culminated in a benchmark exercise providing a unique opportunity for the first inter-comparison of several available alternative technologies. This report provides an overview of the alternative technology efforts presented during the two workshops along with a summary of the benchmarking activities and results. The workshop recommendations and key consensus observations are discussed in the report, and used to outline a proposed path forward and future needs foreseeable in the area of 3He-alternative technologies.
Department Of Homeland Security Appropriations For 2015
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Homeland Security
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Department Of Homeland Security Appropriations For 2015 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Homeland Security and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with National security categories.
Spectrally Matched Neutron Detectors Designed Using Computational Adjoint S Sub N For Plug In Replacement Of Helium 3
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Author : Scottie Walker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Spectrally Matched Neutron Detectors Designed Using Computational Adjoint S Sub N For Plug In Replacement Of Helium 3 written by Scottie Walker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Helium categories.
Neutron radiation detectors are an integral part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) efforts to detect the illicit trafficking of radioactive or special nuclear materials into the U.S. In the past decade, the DHS has deployed a vast network of radiation detection systems at various key positions to prevent or to minimize the risk associated with the malevolent use of these materials. The greatest portion of this detection burden has been borne by systems equipped with 3He because of its highly desirable physical and nuclear properties. However, a dramatic increase in demand and dwindling supply, combined with a lack of oversight for the existing 3He stockpile has produced a critical shortage of this gas which has virtually eliminated its viability for detector applications. A number of research efforts have been undertaken to develop suitable 3He replacements; however, these studies have been solely targeted toward simple detection cases where the overall detection efficiency is the only concern. For these cases, an insertion of additional detectors or materials can produce reaction rates that are sufficient, because the neutron spectral response is essentially irrelevant. However, in applications such as safeguards, non-proliferation efforts, and material control and accountability programs (MC & A), a failure to use detectors that are spectrally matched to 3He can potentially produce dire consequences. This is because these more difficult detection scenarios are associated with fissile material assessments for 239Pu and other actinides and these analyses have almost universally been calibrated to an equivalent 3He response. In these instances, a "simple" detector or material addition approach is neither appropriate nor possible, due to influences resulting from the complex nature of neutron scattering in moderators, cross sections, gas pressure variations, geometries, and surrounding structural interference. These more challenging detection cases require a detailed computational transport analysis be performed for each specific application. A leveraged approach using adjoint transport computations that are validated by forward transport and Monte Carlo computations and laboratory measurements can address these more complex detection cases and this methodology was utilized in the execution of the research. The initial task was to establish the fidelity of a computational approach by executing radiation transport models for existing BF3 and 3He tubes and then comparing the modeling results to laboratory measurements made using these identical devices. Both tubes were 19.6 cm in height, 1-inch in diameter, and operated at 1 and 4 atm pressure respectively. The models were processed using a combination of forward Monte Carlo and forward and adjoint 3-D discrete ordinates (SN) transport methods. The computer codes MCNP5 and PENTRAN were used for all calculations of a nickel-shielded plutonium-beryllium (PuBe) source term that provided a neutron output spectra equivalent to that of weapons-grade plutonium (WGPu). Once the computational design approach was validated, the adjoint SN method was used to iteratively identify six distinct plug-in models that matched the neutron spectral response and reaction rate of a 1-inch diameter 3He tube with a length of 10 cm and operating at 4 atm pressure. The equivalent designs consist of large singular tubes and dual tubes containing BF3 gas, 10B linings, and/or 10B-loaded polyvinyl toluene (PVT). The reaction rate for each plug-in design was also verified using forward PENTRAN and MCNP5 calculations. In addition to the equivalent designs, the adjoint method also yielded various insights into neutron detector design that can lead to additional designs using a combination of different detector materials such as BF3/10B-loaded PVT, 10B-lined tubes/10B-loaded PVT, etc.
Elements Of Slow Neutron Scattering
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Author : J. M. Carpenter
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2015-09-24
Elements Of Slow Neutron Scattering written by J. M. Carpenter and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-24 with Science categories.
This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the fundamental theory and applications of slow-neutron scattering.
Caught By Surprise
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Caught By Surprise written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Science categories.
Department Of Homeland Security Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2012
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Department of Homeland Security
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Department Of Homeland Security Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2012 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Department of Homeland Security and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with National security categories.
The Theory And Practice Of Scintillation Counting
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Author : J. B. Birks
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
The Theory And Practice Of Scintillation Counting written by J. B. Birks and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting is a comprehensive account of the theory and practice of scintillation counting. This text covers the study of the scintillation process, which is concerned with the interactions of radiation and matter; the design of the scintillation counter; and the wide range of applications of scintillation counters in pure and applied science. The book is easy to read despite the complex nature of the subject it attempts to discuss. It is organized such that the first five chapters illustrate the fundamental concepts of scintillation counting. Chapters 6 to 10 detail the properties and applications of organic scintillators, while the next four chapters discuss inorganic scintillators. The last two chapters provide a review of some outstanding problems and a postscript. Nuclear physicists, radiation technologists, and postgraduate students of nuclear physics will find the book a good reference material.
Environmental Radioactivity And Emergency Preparedness
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Author : Mats Isaksson
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-01-06
Environmental Radioactivity And Emergency Preparedness written by Mats Isaksson and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-06 with Science categories.
Radioactive sources such as nuclear power installations can pose a great threat to both humans and our environment. How do we measure, model and regulate such threats? Environmental Radioactivity and Emergency Preparedness addresses these topical questions and aims to plug the gap in the lack of comprehensive literature in this field. The book explores how to deal with the threats posed by different radiological sources, including those that are lost or hidden, and the issues posed by the use of such sources. It presents measurement methods and approaches to model and quantify the extent of threat, and also presents strategies for emergency preparedness, such as strategies for first-responders and radiological triage in case an accident should happen. Containing the latest recommendations and procedures from bodies such as the IAEA, this book is an essential reference for both students and academicians studying radiation safety, as well as for radiation protection experts in public bodies or in the industry.