Surface Deformation Measured With Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
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Surface Deformation Measured With Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
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Author : Fernando Greene
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Surface Deformation Measured With Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar written by Fernando Greene and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) is widely used to detect ground deformation from varieties of geophysical origins. However, most studies lack the spatial and temporal resolutions to better characterize such observations. The purpose of this research is to use multi-track satellite radar imagery to generate time series to study and monitor vertical ground deformation over large regions such as the Nevada portion of the Basin and Range Province and the western end of the Mojave Desert. We developed an innovative method to remove horizontal movements from InSAR line-of-sight (LOS) observations using a GPS velocity field and subsequently combine the multi-track imagery resulting in one single high spatial resolution map of observed vertical crustal and surface movements. By implementing this technique we detect vertical deformation signals with short and intermediate wavelength signals associated to tectonic processes such as interseismic and postseismic deformation. In Central Nevada Seismic Belt we detect in three independent orbits a broad area of uplift that confirms results of previous studies that associate the origin of this signal to post-seimic deformation of the historic earthquakes at this region. In south-central Nevada we detect several valleys that show a gradual eastward tilt of the valley floors due to deep geodynamical processes. The valleys located at the eastern side of Ruby Mountains show a range decrease that could indicate uplift related to magma intrusion or post-seismic deformation due to older, unrecognized earthquakes. In the Big Bend segment in southern California we detect vertical uplift as expected by mechanical models of interseismic deformation. Additionaly all our velocity maps reveal small wavelength deformation signals of anthropogenic origin.
Deformation Monitoring Using Scanning Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry
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Author : Krishna Vikas Gudipati
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Deformation Monitoring Using Scanning Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry written by Krishna Vikas Gudipati and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Interferometry categories.
This dissertation provides the first demonstration of scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) advanced interferometry processing for measuring surface deformation. ScanSAR data are synthesized from ERS-1/2 stripmap SAR images over known deformation in Phoenix, Arizona. The strategy is to construct a burst pattern similar to Envisat ScanSAR data and to create a realistic variable-burst synchronization scenario in which any image pair has at least 50% burst overlap. The Small Baseline Subsets technique is applied to the synthesized data to demonstrate ScanSAR time series analysis for a scenario generally conducive for interferometry. The same processing approach is employed with the stripmap data to validate the results. The differences in ScanSAR and stripmap velocities have a mean and standard deviation of 0.02"0.02 cm/year. 96.3% and 99.1% of the velocity differences are within "0.1 cm/year and "0.2 cm/year, respectively. The RMS deviations between the ScanSAR and stripmap displacement estimates are 0.40"0.30 cm. 68.5% and 94.6% of the differences are within "0.5 cm and "1.0 cm, respectively. The Permanent Scatterer (PS) technique also is adapted and applied to the synthesized data to demonstrate the presence of PS in ScanSAR data. The atmospheric and nonlinear motion phase derived from a PS analysis of stripmap data are removed from the ScanSAR interferograms. Even for this idealized scenario, the final PS identification yields fewer ScanSAR PS (10 PS/km2) than the stripmap PS results (312 PS/km2 or 15.6 PS/km2 at the ScanSAR pixel resolution). Based on the calculated likelihood of finding multiple stripmap PS within a ScanSAR pixel, it is concluded that the ScanSAR single scatterer PS model is flawed. A model is introduced that considers multiple PS within a ScanSAR pixel. The search for two PS per pixel yields 120 PS/km2. The ScanSAR and stripmap PS velocity differences mean is zero and standard deviation is 0.02 cm/year. However, while the differences between the ScanSAR and stripmap PS DEM error estimates are zero-mean, they have a 7-meter standard deviation. One possible explanation for this relatively large deviation is the differencing of the wrong ScanSAR and stripmap PS as the result of a misalignment between the ScanSAR and stripmap images.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry Analysis Of Ground Deformation Within The Coso Geothermal Site California
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Author : Erik Vaughn Brawner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry Analysis Of Ground Deformation Within The Coso Geothermal Site California written by Erik Vaughn Brawner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Coso Volcanic Field (Calif.) categories.
Earth's surface movement may cause as a potential hazard to infrastructure and people. Associated earthquake hazards pose a potential side effect of geothermal activity. Modern remote sensing techniques known as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can measure surface change with a high degree of precision to mm scale movements. Previous work has identified a deformation anomaly within the Coso Geothermal site in eastern California. Surface changes have not been analyzed since the 1990s, allowing a decade of geothermal production impact to occur since previously assessed. In this study, InSAR data was acquired and analyzed between the years 2005 and 2010. Acquired by the ENVISAT satellite from both ascending and descending modes. This provides an independent dataset from previous work. Incorporating data generated from a new sensor covering a more modern temporal study period. Analysis of this time period revealed a subsidence anomaly in correlation with the extents of the geothermal production area under current operation. Maximum subsidence rates in the region reached approximately 3.8 cm/yr. A similar rate assessed from previous work throughout the 1990s. The correlation of subsidence patterns suggests a linear source of deformation from measurements spanning multiple decades. Regions of subsidence branch out from the main anomaly to the North-Northeast and to the South where additional significant peaks of subsidence occurring. The extents of the deformation anomaly directly correlate with the dispersal of geothermal production well site locations. Depressurization within the geothermal system provides a leading cause to surface subsidence from excessive extraction of hydrothermal fluids. As a result of minimal reinjection of production fluids.
Urban Deformation Monitoring Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry And Sar Tomography
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Author : Michele Crosetto
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2019-06-24
Urban Deformation Monitoring Using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry And Sar Tomography written by Michele Crosetto and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book focuses on remote sensing for urban deformation monitoring. In particular, it highlights how deformation monitoring in urban areas can be carried out using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Tomography (TomoSAR). Several contributions show the capabilities of Interferometric SAR (InSAR) and PSI techniques for urban deformation monitoring. Some of them show the advantages of TomoSAR in un-mixing multiple scatterers for urban mapping and monitoring. This book is dedicated to the technical and scientific community interested in urban applications. It is useful for choosing the appropriate technique and gaining an assessment of the expected performance. The book will also be useful to researchers, as it provides information on the state-of-the-art and new trends in this field
Processing Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data As Applied To The Characterization Of Localized Deformation Features
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Author : Richard A. Coffman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Processing Of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data As Applied To The Characterization Of Localized Deformation Features written by Richard A. Coffman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Earth movements categories.
Satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been used by the geoscience community for many years to obtain ground deformation measurements of large-scale spatial features. Researchers have also begun applying InSAR to detect small-scale spatial features associated with geotechnical engineering applications. However, there is a significant lack of understanding on how to obtain ground deformation measurements associated with civil infrastructure because of the generally large spatial resolution of the imagery as compared with the limited spatial scale of the deformation features. In this study, InSAR processing techniques were evaluated for two demonstration sites to enhance the understanding of detection of small-scale spatial features. The sites consist of a predominately urban site (Los Angeles, California) and a predominately rural site (outside of Mosul, Iraq). Localized deformation features were identified at both of these sites using InSAR processing techniques recommended in this research InSAR coverage allows for the detection of small movements (
Satellite Based Measurements Of Surface Deformation Reveal Fluid Flow Associated With The Geological Storage Of Carbon Dioxide
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Satellite Based Measurements Of Surface Deformation Reveal Fluid Flow Associated With The Geological Storage Of Carbon Dioxide written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), gathered over the In Salah CO2 storage project in Algeria, provides an early indication that satellite-based geodetic methods can be effective in monitoring the geological storage of carbon dioxide. An injected volume of 3 million tons of carbon dioxide, from one of the first large-scale carbon sequestration efforts, produces a measurable surface displacement of approximately 5 mm/year. Using geophysical inverse techniques we are able to infer flow within the reservoir layer and within a seismically detected fracture/ fault zone intersecting the reservoir. We find that, if we use the best available elastic Earth model, the fluid flow need only occur in the vicinity of the reservoir layer. However, flow associated with the injection of the carbon dioxide does appear to extend several kilometers laterally within the reservoir, following the fracture/fault zone.
Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data To Improve Estimates Of Hydraulic Head In The San Luis Valley Colorado
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Author : Jessica Anne Reeves
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data To Improve Estimates Of Hydraulic Head In The San Luis Valley Colorado written by Jessica Anne Reeves and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Remotely sensed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) deformation data have recently been used to study confined aquifer systems in urban/arid areas. The deformation measured at the surface by InSAR is a consequence of changes in hydraulic head in the underlying confined aquifer system. Deformation in agricultural areas, such as the San Luis Valley, Colorado, is difficult to measure using InSAR because changes in the height of the vegetation can degrade the measurement by altering the positions of individual radar scatterers. Nonetheless, agricultural areas like the San Luis Valley are of great interest because of the link between the groundwater resources and the local economy. The San Luis Valley is an 8000 km^2 valley, located mostly on the northern side of the Colorado-New Mexico border. The valley has a vibrant agricultural economy that is highly dependent on the effective management of limited water resources. State regulation established that hydraulic head levels within the confined aquifer system should be maintained within the range experienced in the years between 1978 and 2000. Effective management of water resources in the San Luis Valley requires both seasonal changes in hydraulic head as well long term trends during this time period. In this study we had three main goals: 1) to determine if high quality InSAR data can be collected in the San Luis Valley, 2) to determine the uncertainty of the InSAR deformation measurements, and 3) to determine to what extent the InSAR deformation data can be used to improve estimates of hydraulic head in the San Luis Valley. We found that high quality InSAR data could be acquired from the San Luis Valley. Many small areas, left unwatered by the center-pivot irrigation systems, yield high quality InSAR data when processed using Small Baseline Subset analysis. The InSAR deformation measurements showed the same seasonal periodicity as the hydraulic head data from monitoring wells. The next step in our research was to more accurately determine the uncertainty in the InSAR deformation measurements. We developed a novel algorithm that uses supplementary hydrologic data to identify InSAR acquisitions whose measurements may have been corrupted with uncertainty due to atmospheric phase effects. We then proceeded to quantify the uncertainty in the InSAR deformation measurement due to decorrelation of radar signals. In the final chapter of this work we explored ways in which the relationship between InSAR measured deformation and measurements of hydraulic head can be combined to increase the spatial and temporal density of hydraulic head measurements in the confined aquifer system. We found that at three well locations where the changes in hydraulic head were sufficiently large and the aquifer sediments were relatively compressible the InSAR deformation measurements can be reliably used to estimate hydraulic head during times when no well measurements were acquired.
A Framework For Comparing Geomechanical Models Of Insar Measured Surface Deformation
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Author : Neil Edward James De Laplante
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
A Framework For Comparing Geomechanical Models Of Insar Measured Surface Deformation written by Neil Edward James De Laplante and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
High-quality Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) surface deformation data for field sites around the world has become widely available over the past decade. Geomechanical models based on InSAR data occur frequently in the literature but few methods of systematically optimizing or comparing them are presented. This work discusses parameterization errors for simplified models of strike-slip, normal, thrust and reservoir-style faulting with the aim of identifying tests or characteristics that can differentiate between error types uniquely. Fault dip errors, slip errors and depth errors are modelled using a simple homogeneous elastic half-space earth model. Simple difference maps prove to be a powerful tool for identifying error types and parameter sensitivity, with gradient maps and gradient difference maps useful for distinguishing between similar cases. The fault dip proves to be more indicative of error resolving capability than the faulting regime; errors on intermediately dipping faults are very difficult to differentiate. More detailed modelling of compound errors, complex geomechanical properties and noisy data is proposed. The use of the tests as the starting point for an artificially intelligent modelling package is briefly discussed.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Coherence Study Of San Diego County And Interferometric Study Of Deformation Along The Coyote Creek Fault Imperial County California
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Author : Alex Boisvert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Synthetic Aperture Radar Coherence Study Of San Diego County And Interferometric Study Of Deformation Along The Coyote Creek Fault Imperial County California written by Alex Boisvert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Application Of Differential And Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Sar Interferometry For Studying Natural Hazards
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Author : Samira Alipour
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Application Of Differential And Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Sar Interferometry For Studying Natural Hazards written by Samira Alipour and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
In the following work, I address the problem of coherence loss in standard Differential Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) processing, which can result in incomplete or poor quality deformation measurements in some areas. I incorporate polarimetric information with DInSAR in a technique called Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR) in order to acquire more accurate and detailed maps of surface deformation. In Chapter 2, I present a standard DInSAR study of the Ahar double earthquakes (Mw=6.4 and 6.2) which occurred in northwest Iran, August 11, 2012. The DInSAR coseismic deformation map was affected by decorrelation noise. Despite this, I employed an advanced inversion technique, in combination with a Coulomb stress analysis, to find the geometry and the slip distribution on the ruptured fault plane. The analysis shows that the two earthquakes most likely occurred on a single fault, not on conjugate fault planes. This further implies that the minor strike-slip faults play more significant role in accommodating convergence stress accumulation in the northwest part of Iran. Chapter 3 presents results from the application of PolInSAR coherence optimization on quad-pol RADARSAT-2 images. The optimized solution results in the identification of a larger number of reliable measurement points, which otherwise are not recognized by the standard DInSAR technique. I further assess the quality of the optimized interferometric phase, which demonstrates an increased phase quality with respect to those phases recovered by applying standard DInSAR alone. Chapter 4 discusses results from the application of PolInSAR coherence optimization from different geometries to the study of creep on the Hayward fault and landslide motions near Berkeley, CA. The results show that the deformation rates resolved by PolInSAR are in agreement with those of standard DInSAR. I also infer that there is potential motion on a secondary fault, northeast and parallel to the Hayward fault, which may be creeping with a lower velocity. Finally, discussions on the application of the PolInSAR technique and the geophysical implications of the standard DInSAR study are presented, with suggestions for fut ure work, in the conclusions.