Synthesis Of Sp2 And Sp3 Carbon Materials
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Synthesis Of Sp2 And Sp3 Carbon Materials
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Author : Derek Keefer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Synthesis Of Sp2 And Sp3 Carbon Materials written by Derek Keefer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Carbon is the backbone of hundreds of products ranging from conductors to insulators and lubricants to machining tools. Diamond is the hardest material known and graphite is one of the softest, but there is a need for materials in between these two extremes. By taking advantage of the different pressure-dependent thermodynamic stabilities of graphite and diamond, the degree of sp2 and sp3 bonding in amorphous carbon materials can be varied. This control over bonding opens avenues for tuning properties such as electrical conductivity, hardness, and optical transmission. Two approaches to controlling sp3 and sp2 carbon formation have been studied. The first investigates techniques to deposit carbon at elevated pressures by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The second group of experiments involves high pressure synthesis techniques using a diamond anvil cell and developing precursors that will react at lower temperatures and pressures to give materials with sought after properties. This report is an investigation of the effect of high-pressure on the formation of amorphous carbon materials deposited by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition, dielectric breakdown plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and laser induced plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This report describes novel deposition and growth techniques such as high-pressure CVD of sp2 carbon wires in microcapillaries, with preliminary results showing increased sp3 bonding with the formation of a hydrogenated carbon material via plasma enhanced depositions. The second method approaches the tuning of sp2 and sp3 hybridization of carbon from the other direction of taking high pressure synthesis techniques and develop initial precursors that react at lower pressures forming an sp3 interconnected network. With pressure, amorphous carbons can also be made by compressing materials to the point where it is favorable for atoms to form new bonds. My focus is on developing a precursor that will react at lower pressure and temperatures than current fabrication techniques for forming ultra-hard materials such as diamond and cubic boron nitride. We have investigated precursors with highly unsaturated groups like cyanides and acetylenes because they have the potential to form new bonds. We have characterized these compounds with in situ Raman, IR, and XRD to track structural changes. Three different precursors have been studied to understand the effect of the starting structure on the reactivity and sp2/sp3 nature. By lowering the reaction pressure, bulk high pressure synthesis techniques could be used for more commercial applications.
High Pressure Synthesis And Characterization Of Extended Carbon Solids
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Author : Haw-Tyng Huang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
High Pressure Synthesis And Characterization Of Extended Carbon Solids written by Haw-Tyng Huang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Extended carbon solids give rise to remarkable classes of high-performance materials that couple light weight and high strength with elasticity, serving for numerous applications. By taking advantage of the various hybridization carbon may adopt, the properties of carbon can be highly tunable. Recently, it has been demonstrated that high-pressure polymerization of aromatic hydrocarbon molecules such as benzene can be a novel synthesis route of sp3 carbon-rich materials. The benzene molecules react under pressure and form carbon nanothreads, which are the first of a new type of one-dimensional nanomaterial, and are predicted to uniquely combine extreme strength with flexibility and resilience. The first research effort in this dissertation focuses on exploring a new synthetic pathway for making crystalline carbon materials from saturated, strained molecules. Cubane (C8H8), which has 100% sp3 carbon hybridization and immensely strained 90-degree C-C-C bond angles, is therefore chosen as the reactive non-aromatic precursor. It is revealed that the bonding topology of cubane might enable topology-preserved reaction and result in closed-packed bundles of sp3-bonded carbon nanothreads terminated with hydrogens. Interestingly, the nanothreads formed are much thinner than the benzene-derived nanothreads and are predicted to be the smallest carbon nanothread; thus, it promises to form the stiffest one-dimensional system known. The approach presented here opens a new avenue to construct novel extended carbon solids via nanoarchitecture of strained molecules. Strained molecules appear to be a class of precursor that will react under much lower pressure and temperatures than current pressure-temperature requirements for large-scale production of high-pressure materials. The second research effort aims to control sp3 and sp2 carbon formation with high-pressure solid-state chemistry and synthesize mixed sp2-sp3 carbon network. The molecular analog to the cold compressed graphite or glassy carbon system is realized by the compression of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, picene is selected as a molecular building block as it is expected to afford site-selective reaction with preferential reactivity at the internal rings. Such configuration enables site-selective control over the high-pressure polymerization and results in a pure phase carbon network with sp3 carbon backbone while retaining some conjugation which enables electron conduction.
Synthesis Of Nanostructured Carbon Materials By Open Air Laser Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition
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Author : Kinghong Kwok
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Synthesis Of Nanostructured Carbon Materials By Open Air Laser Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition written by Kinghong Kwok and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Materials For Carbon Capture
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Author : De-en Jiang
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-02-25
Materials For Carbon Capture written by De-en Jiang and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-25 with Science categories.
Covers a wide range of advanced materials and technologies for CO2 capture As a frontier research area, carbon capture has been a major driving force behind many materials technologies. This book highlights the current state-of-the-art in materials for carbon capture, providing a comprehensive understanding of separations ranging from solid sorbents to liquid sorbents and membranes. Filled with diverse and unconventional topics throughout, it seeks to inspire students, as well as experts, to go beyond the novel materials highlighted and develop new materials with enhanced separations properties. Edited by leading authorities in the field, Materials for Carbon Capture offers in-depth chapters covering: CO2 Capture and Separation of Metal-Organic Frameworks; Porous Carbon Materials: Designed Synthesis and CO2 Capture; Porous Aromatic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture; and Virtual Screening of Materials for Carbon Capture. Other chapters look at Ultrathin Membranes for Gas Separation; Polymeric Membranes; Carbon Membranes for CO2 Separation; and Composite Materials for Carbon Captures. The book finishes with sections on Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers for Carbon Capture and Ionic Liquids for Chemisorption of CO2 and Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes. A comprehensive overview and survey of the present status of materials and technologies for carbon capture Covers materials synthesis, gas separations, membrane fabrication, and CO2 removal to highlight recent progress in the materials and chemistry aspects of carbon capture Allows the reader to better understand the challenges and opportunities in carbon capture Edited by leading experts working on materials and membranes for carbon separation and capture Materials for Carbon Capture is an excellent book for advanced students of chemistry, materials science, chemical and energy engineering, and early career scientists who are interested in carbon capture. It will also be of great benefit to researchers in academia, national labs, research institutes, and industry working in the field of gas separations and carbon capture.
Handbook Of Surfaces And Interfaces Of Materials Five Volume Set
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Author : Hari Singh Nalwa
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2001-10-26
Handbook Of Surfaces And Interfaces Of Materials Five Volume Set written by Hari Singh Nalwa and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-10-26 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This handbook brings together, under a single cover, all aspects of the chemistry, physics, and engineering of surfaces and interfaces of materials currently studied in academic and industrial research. It covers different experimental and theoretical aspects of surfaces and interfaces, their physical properties, and spectroscopic techniques that have been applied to a wide class of inorganic, organic, polymer, and biological materials. The diversified technological areas of surface science reflect the explosion of scientific information on surfaces and interfaces of materials and their spectroscopic characterization. The large volume of experimental data on chemistry, physics, and engineering aspects of materials surfaces and interfaces remains scattered in so many different periodicals, therefore this handbook compilation is needed.The information presented in this multivolume reference draws on two decades of pioneering research on the surfaces and interfaces of materials to offer a complete perspective on the topic. These five volumes-Surface and Interface Phenomena; Surface Characterization and Properties; Nanostructures, Micelles, and Colloids; Thin Films and Layers; Biointerfaces and Applications-provide multidisciplinary review chapters and summarize the current status of the field covering important scientific and technological developments made over past decades in surfaces and interfaces of materials and spectroscopic techniques with contributions from internationally recognized experts from all over the world. Fully cross-referenced, this book has clear, precise, and wide appeal as an essential reference source long due for the scientific community. The complete reference on the topic of surfaces and interfaces of materialsThe information presented in this multivolume reference draws on two decades of pioneering researchProvides multidisciplinary review chapters and summarizes the current status of the fieldCovers important scientific and technological developments made over past decades in surfaces and interfaces of materials and spectroscopic techniquesContributions from internationally recognized experts from all over the world
The Synthesis And Characterisation Of Carbon Nitrogen Related Organic Materials For Photocatalyst And Other Applications
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Author : Satyam Ladva
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
The Synthesis And Characterisation Of Carbon Nitrogen Related Organic Materials For Photocatalyst And Other Applications written by Satyam Ladva and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The aim of this project is to design, synthesise and characterise s-triazine based carbon nitride materials that show potential for use as fully renewable, organic photocatalyst materials for the purpose of generating hydrogen fuel through water splitting. Whilst existing materials do exist that can perform this technique, the inorganic constituents of these existing materials prevent them from being fully renewable and, in most situations, makes them difficult to synthesise - especially at room temperatures and ambient pressures. The method used in this project to improve upon existing organic photocatalyst materials was to develop more efficient techniques to create covalent organic structures that retain the structural benefits of graphene whilst including electrical storage properties recorded for nitrogen-doped graphene, in the form of an s-triazine structure. This was achieved by first focussing on improving the existing most efficient s-triazine based carbon nitride synthesis approach, polycondensation Ionothermal synthesis, by improving its output efficiency and then later adapting the technique so it could be implemented into existing industrial applications more effectively. Improvement of the existing technique was achieved through the use of a dynamic vacuum, with the graphitic carbon nitride material confirmed through XPS, XRD, FTIR and other characterisation techniques, the adaptation of the technique to make it more industrially useful was achieved through incremental development of the Ionothermal synthesis approach. This transition resulted in the creation of an ALD-type approach, which resulted in carbon nitride films (characterised by XPS, XRD, ATR-IR, Raman spectroscopy and various microscopy techniques) conformally coating onto a variety of substrates at room temperature. Whilst the synthesis reaction mechanism was determined to be different to those found in existing literature, through gas-phase mass spectrometry, various experimental parameters ranging from: synthesis temperature, ramp rate of temperature, ion gun depth profiling and others were determined to allow for precise control of the carbon nitride film formed with regards to its physical and chemical properties. As a consequence of this control, not only did the carbon nitride films show promise as potential photocatalyst materials, but they also showed promise as anti-microbial surfaces and could be used in the development of an XAES based D-parameter technique to determine the content of sp2 and sp3 nitrogen in a pure carbon nitride based material, composed of only sp2 and sp3 carbon and nitrogen. Finally, the usefulness of the s-triazine component for photocatalyst applications was also presented through the synthesis and characterisation of a phenolic triazine framework which is structurally like graphitic carbon nitride but contains a phenolic group that allows for a much more tuneable band gap. From the results of this project, evidence of the use, or potential use, of pure organic materials has been shown for several applications in addition to photocatalytic water splitting. However, unlike existing synthesis techniques, the vapour deposition technique developed in this project has demonstrated the potential of the organic materials to coat conformally onto a variety of substrates thus allowing for easy synthesis of carbon nitride based hybrid materials - thus compensating for the slightly lower efficiencies measured by the pure organic materials in comparison to purely inorganic structures.
Biomass Derived Carbon Materials
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Author : Alagarsamy Pandikumar
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2023-01-30
Biomass Derived Carbon Materials written by Alagarsamy Pandikumar and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-30 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Explores the sustainable production of carbon materials and their applications Of increasing interest to practitioners and researchers in a variety of areas, biomass-derived carbon materials can be easily produced and possess the large surface areas and porosities that enable many applications in materials science, biochemistry, chemistry, and energy research. In Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers a thorough and up-to-date exploration of the preparation and activation processes of biomass-derived carbon materials, the fabrication of composites, and assorted and multidisciplinary applications of the technology. The book also covers future opportunities for research and application. Introductory chapters provide information about the production, functionalization, and characterization of biomass-derived carbon materials, while the latter parts of this edited volume discuss the applications of biomass-derived carbon materials such as catalysis, sensors, microbicidal activity, toxic chemicals removal, drug delivery, and energy conversion and storage applications. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to the production of biomass-derived carbon materials, as well as their characterization Comprehensive explorations of biomass-derived carbon-based materials for microbicidal applications and carbon-based nanomaterials prepared from biomass for catalysis Practical discussions of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensors and mesoporous carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery and imaging applications In-depth examinations of biomass-derived carbon as electrode materials for batteries and porous carbon synthesized from biomass for fuel cells Ideal for materials scientists as well as industrial chemists and biochemists, Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials: Production and Applications also belongs in the libraries of electrochemists and sensor developers.
Enhanced Carbon Based Materials And Their Applications
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Author : Poh Choon Ooi
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2023-02-06
Enhanced Carbon Based Materials And Their Applications written by Poh Choon Ooi and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
An authoritative and robust overview of the synthesis, characterization, and application of carbon-based materials In Enhanced Carbon-Based Materials and Their Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a timely and carefully referenced overview of carbon-based materials and their applications. Following a summary of carbon-based materials and their synthesis methods, the authors move on to highlight advanced topics regarding enhanced carbon-based materials and their applications. Discussions of the discovery of memristor-based memory, substrate options, and the effect of electrodes materials are accompanied by a review of the developments in carbonous materials, an explanation of the working principle of thermoelectric energy harvesting, and the applications of carbon-enhanced piezoelectric materials, sensors, optoelectronic devices, actuators, and display applications as well. The book concludes with a presentation of anticipated future prospects and challenges in this area, including those obstacles that must be addressed before the large-scale production of carbon-based products can begin. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to carbon-based nanomaterials, including their synthesis and characterization Comprehensive explorations of functional carbon-based nanomaterials and sensor applications, as well as fabrication techniques of resistive switching carbon-based memories Practical discussions of carbonous-based optoelectronic devices, thermoelectric energy harvesters, and their applications Fulsome treatments of carbon-enhanced piezoelectric materials and their applications Perfect for a multi-disciplinary audience in the broader scientific and industrial communities, Enhanced Carbon-Based Materials and Their Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and industry professionals with an interest in the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials.
Metal Free Functionalized Carbons In Catalysis
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Author : Alberto Villa
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2018-05-24
Metal Free Functionalized Carbons In Catalysis written by Alberto Villa and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-24 with Science categories.
Metal-free carbons have recently shown great efficiency in several catalytic processes, including oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethylbenzene and alkenes, hydrogen evolution, liquid Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysis and electrochemical reactions. The catalytic activities of carbon materials are intimately related to their defects, structures, and surface chemistry. In particular, nitrogen functionalized carbons present different surface functional groups, and they can be used as multifunctional catalysts, either through their electronic or nucleophilic properties, or their ability to form additional H bonds with substrates. This book provides an overview of the preparation, characterization and application of metal-free functionalized carbons, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nitride and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). It is ideal for researchers and industrialists working in catalysis, gas sensing and carbon dioxide storage.
Supercarbon
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Author : Susumu Yoshimura
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Supercarbon written by Susumu Yoshimura and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The information revolution of the twentieth century was brought about by microelectronics based on a simple and common material, silicon. Although silicon will continue to be of central importance in the next century, carbon, silicon's upstairs neighbor in the periodic table, will also be of great impor tance in future technology. Carbon has more flexible bonding and hence has various unique physical, chemical and biological properties. It has two types of bonding, sp3 and sp2, in diamond and graphite, respectively. The existence of the latter, "7r-electron bonding" , is responsible for carbon's versatile tal ents. Those materials having extended 7r-electron clouds are called '7r-electron materials'. They include graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and various carbonaceous materials. They may be called "supercarbon" because of their fabulous multiformity and versatile properties. This volume is a status report on the synthesis, properties and appli cations of 7r-electron materials, representing an updated proceedings of the International Workshop on 7r-Electron Materials held at the Northwestern University,'Evanston, Illinois, USA, August 13-14,1996. The Workshop was organized jointly by the Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) and the Materials Research Center at the Northwestern University (NWU) in order to provide an opportunity for scientists and engineers to meet and dis cuss the latest advances in this field and in commemoration of the Yoshimura 7r-Electron Materials Project, one of Japan's national projects in the JST's ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology) program.