Taxing Heaven S Storehouse
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Taxing Heaven S Storehouse
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Author : Paul J. Smith
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2020-10-26
Taxing Heaven S Storehouse written by Paul J. Smith and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-26 with History categories.
Tea growing was a prosperous industry in Sichuan when Wang Anshi's New Policies created a Tea Market Agency to buy up Sichuanese tea and trade it to Tibetan tribesmaen for cavalry horses. At first the highly autonomous agency not only acquired the needed horses but made a profit. After the Junchen conquest of Noth China, however, market realities changed and the combined Tea and Horse Agency's once successful policies ruined tea farmers, failed to meet quotas for horses, and ran a deficit. Paul J. Smith details the workings of Sichuan tea farming and the tea trade, examines the geopolitical factors that forced the Song to buy horses, and graphically describes the difficulties of driving them more than a thousand miles through rugged mountains with only inexperienced conscripts as trail hands. In this study of fiscal sociology, Smith also explains how the Tea and Horse Agency transformed the Sichuan local eleite, which was notorious for its resistance to state power, into imperial civil servants eager to tax their own region. He draws on modern theories of corporate behavior to explain what made the inner workings of the Agency an extraordinary departure for the Chinese civil service; and he demonstrates how the agency put into practice the most radical New -Policies theories of state economic activism. The Agency made entrepreneurs out of bureaucrats, but ultimately became ruinously tyrannical as the system of state rewards and punishments drove its personnel to actions that crippled key sectors of the economy.
Taxing Heavens S Storehouse The Szechwan Tea Monopoly And The Tsinghai Horse Trade 1074 1224
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Author : Paul J. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983
Taxing Heavens S Storehouse The Szechwan Tea Monopoly And The Tsinghai Horse Trade 1074 1224 written by Paul J. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with categories.
Taxing Heaven S Storehouse
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Author : Paul J. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983
Taxing Heaven S Storehouse written by Paul J. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with categories.
Taxing Heaven S Storehouse
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Author : Paul J. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983
Taxing Heaven S Storehouse written by Paul J. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with Cavalry horses categories.
Buddhism Diplomacy And Trade
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Author : Tansen Sen
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2015-09-11
Buddhism Diplomacy And Trade written by Tansen Sen and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-11 with History categories.
Relations between China and India underwent a dramatic transformation from Buddhist-dominated to commerce-centered exchanges in the seventh to fifteenth centuries. The unfolding of this transformation, its causes, and wider ramifications are examined in this masterful analysis of the changing patterns of the interaction between the two most important cultural spheres in Asia. Tansen Sen offers a new perspective on Sino-Indian relations during the Tang dynasty (618–907), arguing that the period is notable not only for religious and diplomatic exchanges but also for the process through which China emerged as a center of Buddhist learning, practice, and pilgrimage. Before the seventh century, the Chinese clergy—given the spatial gap between the sacred Buddhist world of India and the peripheral China—suffered from a “borderland complex.” A close look at the evolving practice of relic veneration in China (at Famen Monastery in particular), the exposition of Mount Wutai as an abode of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, and the propagation of the idea of Maitreya’s descent in China, however, reveals that by the eighth century China had overcome its complex and successfully established a Buddhist realm within its borders. The emergence of China as a center of Buddhism had profound implications on religious interactions between the two countries and is cited by Sen as one of the main causes for the weakening of China’s spiritual attraction toward India. At the same time, the growth of indigenous Chinese Buddhist schools and teachings retrenched the need for doctrinal input from India. A detailed examination of the failure of Buddhist translations produced during the Song dynasty (960–1279), demonstrates that these developments were responsible for the unraveling of religious bonds between the two countries and the termination of the Buddhist phase of Sino-Indian relations. Sen proposes that changes in religious interactions were paralleled by changes in commercial exchanges. For most of the first millennium, trading activities between India and China were closely connected with and sustained through the transmission of Buddhist doctrines. The eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, witnessed dramatic changes in the patterns and structure of mercantile activity between the two countries. Secular bulk and luxury goods replaced Buddhist ritual items, maritime channels replaced the overland Silk Road as the most profitable conduits of commercial exchange, and many of the merchants involved were followers of Islam rather than Buddhism. Moreover, policies to encourage foreign trade instituted by the Chinese government and the Indian kingdoms contributed to the intensification of commercial activity between the two countries and transformed the China-India trading circuit into a key segment of cross-continental commerce.
The Indian Frontier
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Author : Jos Gommans
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-12-22
The Indian Frontier written by Jos Gommans and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-22 with History categories.
This omnibus brings together some old and some recent works by Jos Gommans on the warhorse and its impact on medieval and early modern state-formation in South Asia. These studies are based on Gommans’ observation that Indian empires always had to deal with a highly dynamic inner frontier between semi-arid wilderness and settled agriculture. Such inner frontiers could only be bridged by the ongoing movements of Turkish, Afghan, Rajput and other warbands. Like the most spectacular examples of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empires, they all based their power on the exploitation of the most lethal weapon of that time: the warhorse. In discussing the breeding and trading of horses and their role in medieval and early modern South Asian warfare, Gommans also makes some thought-provoking comparisons with Europe and the Middle East. Since the Indian frontier is part of the much larger Eurasian Arid Zone that links the Indian subcontinent to West, Central and East Asia, the final essay explores the connected and entangled history of the Turko-Mongolian warband in the Ottoman and Timurid Empires, Russia and China.
State Power In China 900 1325
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Author : Patricia Buckley Ebrey
language : en
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Release Date : 2016-08-25
State Power In China 900 1325 written by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and has been published by University of Washington Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-25 with History categories.
This collection provides new ways to understand how state power was exercised during the overlapping Liao, Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties. Through a set of case studies, State Power in China, 900-1325 examines large questions concerning dynastic legitimacy, factional strife, the relationship between the literati and the state, and the value of centralization. How was state power exercised? Why did factional strife periodically become ferocious? Which problems did reformers seek to address? Could subordinate groups resist the state? How did politics shape the sources that survive? The nine essays in this volume explore key elements of state power, ranging from armies, taxes, and imperial patronage to factional struggles, officials’ personal networks, and ways to secure control of conquered territory. Drawing on new sources, research methods, and historical perspectives, the contributors illuminate the institutional side of state power while confronting evidence of instability and change—of ways to gain, lose, or exercise power.
Fir And Empire
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Author : Ian M. Miller
language : en
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Release Date : 2020-06-30
Fir And Empire written by Ian M. Miller and has been published by University of Washington Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-30 with History categories.
The disappearance of China’s naturally occurring forests is one of the most significant environmental shifts in the country’s history, one often blamed on imperial demand for lumber. China’s early modern forest history is typically viewed as a centuries-long process of environmental decline, culminating in a nineteenth-century social and ecological crisis. Pushing back against this narrative of deforestation, Ian Miller charts the rise of timber plantations between about 1000 and 1700, when natural forests were replaced with anthropogenic ones. Miller demonstrates that this form of forest management generally rested on private ownership under relatively distant state oversight and taxation. He further draws on in-depth case studies of shipbuilding and imperial logging to argue that this novel landscape was not created through simple extractive pressures, but by attempts to incorporate institutional and ecological complexity into a unified imperial state. Miller uses the emergence of anthropogenic forests in south China to rethink both temporal and spatial frameworks for Chinese history and the nature of Chinese empire. Because dominant European forestry models do not neatly overlap with the non-Western world, China’s history is often left out of global conversations about them; Miller’s work rectifies this omission and suggests that in some ways, China’s forest system may have worked better than the more familiar European institutions.
Branches Of Heaven
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Author : John W. Chaffee
language : en
Publisher: Harvard Univ Asia Center
Release Date : 1999
Branches Of Heaven written by John W. Chaffee and has been published by Harvard Univ Asia Center this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with History categories.
How the Sung created a social and political asset in the imperial clan while neutralizing it as a potential threat is the story of this book."--BOOK JACKET. "In this, the first full-length study of the imperial clan as an institution, John W. Chaffee analyzes its history, its political role, and the lifestyle of its members, focusing on their residence patterns, marriages, and occupations."--BOOK JACKET.
Emperor Huizong And Late Northern Song China
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Author : Patricia Buckley Ebrey
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2020-05-11
Emperor Huizong And Late Northern Song China written by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-11 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
Huizong was an exceptional emperor who lived through momentous times. A man of many talents, he wrote poetry and created his own distinctive calligraphy style; collected paintings, calligraphies, and antiquities on a large scale; promoted Daoism; and involved himself in the training of court artists, the layout of gardens, and reforms of music and medicine. The quarter century when Huizong ruled is just as fascinating. The greatly enlarged scholar-official class had come into its own but was deeply divided by factional strife. The long struggle between the Chinese state and its northern neighbors entered a new phase when Song proved unable to defend itself against the newly emergent Jurchen state of Jin. Huizong and thousands of members of his family and court were taken captive, and the Song dynasty had to recreate itself in the South.