Technology Safety And Costs Of Decontaminating A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground
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Technology Safety And Costs Of Decontaminating A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground
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Author : E. S. Murphy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decontaminating A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground written by E. S. Murphy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Radioactive decontamination categories.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decontaminating A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground
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Author : E. S. Murphy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decontaminating A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground written by E. S. Murphy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Radioactive decontamination categories.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decomissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground
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Author : G. M. Holter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decomissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground written by G. M. Holter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decomissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground
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Author : G. M. Holter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decomissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground written by G. M. Holter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground Main Report
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground Main Report written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with categories.
Safety and cost information are developed for the conceptual decommissioning of commercial low-level waste (LLW) burial grounds. Two generic burial grounds, one located on an arid western site and the other located on a humid eastern site, are used as reference facilities for the study. The two burial grounds are assumed to have the same site capacity for waste, the same radioactive waste inventory, and similar trench characteristics and operating procedures. The climate, geology. and hydrology of the two sites are chosen to be typical of real western and eastern sites. Volume 1 (Main Report) contains background information and study results in summary form.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground Environmental Surveillance Programs
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Low Level Waste Burial Ground Environmental Surveillance Programs written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with categories.
This Addendum supplements, and to some extent replaces, the preliminary description of environmental radiological surveillance programs for low-level waste burial grounds (LLWBG) used in the parent document, 11 Technology, Safety and Costs of DecolliTlissioning a Reference Low-Level Waste Burial Ground, 11 NUREG/ CR-0570. The Addendum provides additional detail and rationale for the environmental radiological surveillance programs for the two referenced sites and inventories described in NUREG/CR-0570. The rationale and performance criteria herein are expected to be useful in providing guidance for determining the acceptability of environmental surveillance programs for other inventories and other LLWBG sites. Two generic burial grounds, one located on an arid western site and the other located on a humid eastern site, are reference facilities considered in this Addendum, and as described in the parent document (NUREG/CR-0570). The two sites are assumed to have the same capacity for waste, the same radioactive waste inventory, and similar trench characteristics and operating procedures. The climate, geology, and hydrology of the two reference sites are typical of existing western and eastern sites, altnough a single population distribution was chosen for both. Each reference burial ground occupies about 70 hectares and includes 180 trenches filled with a total of 1.5 x 106 m3 of radioactive waste. In acldition, there are 10 slit trenches containing about 1.5 x 103 m3 of high beta-gamma activity waste. In this Addendum environmental surveillance programs are described for the several periods in the life of a LLWBG: preoperational (prior to nuclear waste receipt); operational (including interim trench closures); post-operational (after all nuclear waste is received), for both short-term {up to three years) and long-term (up to 100 years) storage and custodial care; and decommissioning (only for the special case of waste removal). The specific environmental monitoring requirements for final site characterization and certification surveys are beyond the scope of this Addendum. Data collection associated with site reconnaissance and preselection is not specifically addressed, but it is recognized that such data may be useful in designing the preoperational program. Predisposal control measures, quality assurance, and record-keeping (other than inventory records) associated with waste disposal operations are also not addressed. The primary intent of routine environmental surveillance at a LLWBG is to help ensure that site activities do not cause significant transport of radioactivity from the site, resulting in an unacceptable health hazard to people. Preoperational environmental surveillance serves to determine for later comparison the background radioactivity levels, either naturally occurring or the result of man's activities (e.g. world-wide fallout or an adjacent nuclear facility), in and around the proposed burial ground site. The operational environmental surveillance program is used to estimate radiological conditions, both onsite and offsite as a possible result of burial ground activities, including trench closure(s). These data help to determine LLWBG compliance with regulatory requirements. During the post-operational period environmental surveillance should normally be an extension of the program carried out during operations, with appropriate deletions (or modifications) to account for the differences between operational and post-operational activities at the site. During the long-term storage and custodial care period, environmental surveillance serves to verify the radionuclide confinement capability of the burial ground and to identify problem situations requiring remedial action. For waste removal (exhumation), the environmental surveillance program is again modified to account for the greatly increased potential for direct radiation and contamination spread. At the time of decommissioning, "environmental survei ...
Low Level Radioactive Waste Repositories
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Author : OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 1999
Low Level Radioactive Waste Repositories written by OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This report sets out the costs of operating disposal sites for LLW in OECD countries, as well as the factors that may affect the costs of sites being developed.
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Uranium Hexafluoride Conversion Plant
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Technology Safety And Costs Of Decommissioning A Reference Uranium Hexafluoride Conversion Plant written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with categories.
Safety and cost information is developed for the conceptual decommissioning of a commercial uranium hexafluoride conversion (UF6) plant. Two basic decommissioning alternatives are studied to obtain comparisons between cost and safety impacts: DECON, and passive SAFSTOR. A third alternative, DECON of the plant and equipment with stabilization and long-term care of lagoon wastes. is also examined. DECON includes the immediate removal (following plant shutdown) of all radioactivity in excess of unrestricted release levels, with subsequent release of the site for public use. Passive SAFSTOR requires decontamination, preparation, maintenance, and surveillance for a period of time after shutdown, followed by deferred decontamination and unrestricted release. DECON with stabilization and long-term care of lagoon wastes (process wastes generated at the reference plant and stored onsite during plant operation} is also considered as a decommissioning method, although its acceptability has not yet been determined by the NRC. The decommissioning methods assumed for use in each decommissioning alternative are based on state-of-the-art technology. The elapsed time following plant shutdown required to perform the decommissioning work in each alternative is estimated to be: for DECON, 8 months; for passive SAFSTOR, 3 months to prepare the plant for safe storage and 8 months to accomplish deferred decontamination. Planning and preparation for decommissioning prior to plant shutdown is estimated to require about 6 months for either DECON or passive SAFSTOR. Planning and preparation prior to starting deferred decontamination is estimated to require an additional 6 months. OECON with lagoon waste stabilization is estimated to take 6 months for planning and about 8 months to perform the decommissioning work. Decommissioning cost, in 1981 dollars, is estimated to be $5.91 million for OECON. For passive SAFSTOR, preparing the facility for safe storage is estimated to cost $0.88 million, the annual maintenance and surveillance cost is estimated to be about $0.095 million, and deferred decontamination is estimated to cost about $6.50 million. Therefore, passive SAFSTOR for 10 years is estimated to cost $8.33 million in nondiscounted 1981 dollars. DECON with lagoon waste stabilization is estimated to cost about $4.59 million, with an annual cost of $0.011 million for long-term care. All of these estimates include a 25% contingency. Waste management costs for DECON, including the net cost of disposal of the solvent extraction lagoon wastes by shipping those wastes to a uranium mill for recovery of residual uranium, comprise about 38% of the total decommissioning cost. Disposal of lagoon waste at a commercial low-level waste burial ground is estimated to add $10.01 million to decommissioning costs. Safety analyses indicate that radiological and nonradiological safety impacts from decommissioning activities should be small. The 50-year committed dose equivalent to members of the public from airborne releases during normal decommissioning activities is estimated to 'Je about 4.0 man-rem. Radiation doses to the public from accidents are found to be very low for all phases of decommissioning. Occupational radiation doses from normal decommissioning operations (excluding transport operations) are estimated to be about 79 man-rem for DECON and about 80 man-rem for passive SAFSTOR with 10 years of safe storage. Doses from DECON with lagoon waste stabilization are about the same as for DECON except there is less dose resulting from transportation of radioactive waste. The number of fatalities and serious lost-time injuries not related to radiation is found to be very small for all decommissioning alternatives. Comparison of the cost estimates shows that DECON with lagoon waste stabilization is the least expensive method. However, this alternative does not allow unrestricted release of the site. The cumulative cost of maintenance and surveillance and the highe ...
Low Level Waste Legislation
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986
Low Level Waste Legislation written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Interstate agreements categories.
Energy Research Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Energy Research Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Power resources categories.