The Alternative To German Unification
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The Alternative To German Unification
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Author : Nicholas Martin Hope
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
The Alternative To German Unification written by Nicholas Martin Hope and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with History categories.
Were There Alternative Economic Policies After The German Unification
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Author : Gerd Hansen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Were There Alternative Economic Policies After The German Unification written by Gerd Hansen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
The Unification Of Germany
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Author : Charles River Charles River Editors
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-09-07
The Unification Of Germany written by Charles River Charles River Editors and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-07 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes contemporary accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading When invoking the term "German unification," many might initially think of the tumultuous period at the end of the 20th century when communist East Germany and democratic West Germany came together to form the modern German state. However, that was technically a "reunification," because Germany was first unified as a nation-state in 1871. That unification formed a state much larger than today's Germany, stretching from Strasbourg in the Alsace region in today's France almost 1,500 kilometers to Königsberg, now Kaliningrad in contemporary Russia, on the Baltic Sea. This unified Germany was an experiment with few historical precedents. The 19th century was, indeed, the "Age of Nationalism," but German speakers had traditionally been spread out across Europe, including the Austrian Empire, loose confederations such as the Holy Roman Empire, and many other countries. German unity was a seemingly impossible dream held by nationalists for many years, but it became a reality when Prussia, the largest state in the German Confederation, pursued a deliberate and aggressive strategy to bring as many German-speaking territories under its control. That is not to say most Germans resisted unification, because even as life in an assortment of German states had some advantages, an underlying insecurity prevailed in principalities lacking overarching authority. German-speaking lands had been the sites of some of the continent's most brutal wars. Moreover, there was a growing sense of German cultural and linguistic togetherness fostered by nationalists, artists, writers, and composers. Not surprisingly, German unity in 1871 caused geopolitical ripples that reverberated for decades. Other larger European powers, such as Britain, France, and Russia, came to feel threatened by the rise of Germany. These tensions were still prevalent at the outbreak of World War I in 1914, and it became even more important in World War II. In part this was because Germany also became an economic powerhouse, fundamentally altering the global economy. Alongside the rapid expansion of the United States, trade went through a transformation that still has ramifications today. The forces driving Germany's unification in the 19th century were similar to other trends of the era, but there were many specific and contingent factors playing out before 1871. In this respect, the unification of Germany is both an unusual and unfamiliar story. The Unification of Germany: The History and Legacy of the German Empire's Establishment looks at the life and work of Germany's most famous politician and how Germany was unified. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about German unification like never before.
Fighting For The Soul Of Germany
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Author : Rebecca Ayako Bennette
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2012-06-20
Fighting For The Soul Of Germany written by Rebecca Ayako Bennette and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-06-20 with History categories.
Historians have long believed that Catholics were late and ambivalent supporters of the German nation. Rebecca Ayako Bennette’s bold new interpretation demonstrates definitively that from the beginning in 1871, when Wilhelm I was proclaimed Kaiser of a unified Germany, Catholics were actively promoting a German national identity for the new Reich. In the years following unification, Germany was embroiled in a struggle to define the new nation. Otto von Bismarck and his allies looked to establish Germany as a modern nation through emphasis on Protestantism and military prowess. Many Catholics feared for their future when he launched the Kulturkampf, a program to break the political and social power of German Catholicism. But these anti-Catholic policies did not destroy Catholic hopes for the new Germany. Rather, they encouraged Catholics to develop an alternative to the Protestant and liberal visions that dominated the political culture. Bennette’s reconstruction of Catholic thought and politics sheds light on several aspects of German life. From her discovery of Catholics who favored a more “feminine” alternative to Bismarckian militarism to her claim that anti-socialism, not anti-Semitism, energized Catholic politics, Bennette’s work forces us to rethink much of what we know about religion and national identity in late nineteenth-century Germany.
Jumpstart
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Author : Gerlinde Sinn
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1992
Jumpstart written by Gerlinde Sinn and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Business & Economics categories.
The unification of Germany is a policy issue of worldwide interest and holds key lessons for the remaining post-socialist economies. This text presents a clearly argued analytical account of the reunification process and the policy alternatives.
German Unification
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Author : International Monetary Fund
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 1990-12-04
German Unification written by International Monetary Fund and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-12-04 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper discusses comparison of economic and social indicators in the year 1988 between Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and German Democratic Republic (GDR). The budgetary costs of unification will be substantially larger than initially envisaged. Moreover, if one adds to the budget the increases in government debt related to equalization paper, a portion of the old enterprise debt on the books of the banks. The Trust Fund has been assigned a task or enormous scope and complexity: the privatization, restructuring, and in some cases, liquidation of 8000 enterprises with 4 million employees. Even taking care of the short-run financial problems of these enterprises has proved daunting; the more fundamental task will be near impossible to achieve with any rapidity. It is clearly essential to the success of economic integration that capital allow east rather than labor flowing west and that income growth and new opportunities arc enough to meet reasonable aspirations on the pan of the residents of East Germany.
Lessons From German Unification For The Korean Peninsula
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Author : Judith Becker
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2008-05
Lessons From German Unification For The Korean Peninsula written by Judith Becker and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-05 with Political Science categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: Far East, grade: 85% = 2,0/A-/GPA 3.7, Peking Universit t (School for International Studies), course: International Securtiy in East Asia, 29 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Germany achieved what Korea still can achieve, namely peaceful unification. There are several similarities between the divided Koreas and the formerly divided Germanys. In both cases, the division grew out of the Second World War and the following Cold War. The divided nations have totally different systems of government. North Korea, as a communistic one-party state, is similar to the GDR and South Korea, as a democratic republic, is similar to the FDR. Major differences are apparent in the economic development between North and South Korea, which again corresponds to the situation in Germany at the end of the 1980s. In light of these similarities, an important question to answer is the following one: what lessons can the Korean Peninsula learn from German unification? Thus, this essay will proceed as follows. Firstly, the developments in Germany, leading to the opening of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent unification will be described and analyzed. Secondly, the economic and socio-cultural outcomes of the unification will be briefly analyzed. Thirdly, recommendations for the Korean Peninsula will be formulated and finally, the essay will conclude its findings.
The Rise And Fall Of A Socialist Welfare State
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Author : Manfred G. Schmidt
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-11-15
The Rise And Fall Of A Socialist Welfare State written by Manfred G. Schmidt and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-15 with Political Science categories.
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of social policy in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, 1949-1990), followed by an analysis of the “Social Union”, the transformation of social policy in the process of German unification in 1990. Schmidt’s analysis of the GDR also depicts commonalities and differences between the welfare state in East and West Germany as well as in other East European and Western countries. He concludes that the GDR was unable to cope with the trade-off between ambitious social policy goals and a deteriorating economic performance. Ritter embeds his analysis of the Social Union in a general study of German unification, its international circumstances and its domestic repercussions (1989-1994). He argues that social policy played a pivotal role in German unification, and that there was no alternative to extending the West German welfare state to the East. Ritter, a distinguished historian, bases his contribution on an award-winning study for which he drew on archival sources and interviews with key actors. Schmidt is a distinguished political scientist.
Joseph Ii And Bavaria
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Author : Paul P. Bernard
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Joseph Ii And Bavaria written by Paul P. Bernard and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Social Science categories.
they represented a congeries of varied languages, cultures and traditions. Moreover the status of Germany, in theory ruled by the Hapsburgs in their capacity of Holy Roman Emperors, had since the conclusion of the Thirty Years War been in some doubt. In practice the Hapsburgs could count on obedience always in their family dominions, not particularly extensive and mostly concentrated in the West (Vorderosterreich); sometimes in the South German Catholic states; and virtually not at all in the Protestant North. Then, too, in the second half of the seventeenth century Prussia had emerged as a power, which although still technically a part of the Empire, was increasingly capable and willing to pursue a thoroughly independent course. The position of Charles VI was thus not an entirely happy one. The long run alternatives which would seem to have confronted him were either to acquiesce in the continuing erosion of Hapsburg influence in Germany, which ultimately might well have resulted in his ruling over a Danubian Empire with a German-speaking minority; or to try to buttress his position in Germany, which would have required eventually a viable modus vivendi between his German and non-German subjects.
German Unification
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Author : Mr.Paul R. Masson
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 1996-05-01
German Unification written by Mr.Paul R. Masson and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-05-01 with Business & Economics categories.
This study reviews early simulations of the effects of German unification using three different rational-expectations multi-country models. Despite significant differences in their structures and in the implementations of the unification shock, the models delivered a number of common results that proved reasonably accurate guides to the direction and magnitude of the effects of unification on key macroeconomic variables. Unification was expected to give rise to an increase in German aggregate demand that would put upward pressure on output, inflation, and the exchange rate, and downward pressure on the current account balance. The model simulations also highlighted contractionary effects of high German interest rates on EMS countries.