The California Apiculturist
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The California Apiculturist
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1882
The California Apiculturist written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1882 with Bee culture categories.
The California Apiculturist Volume 1
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Author : Anonymous
language : en
Publisher: Palala Press
Release Date : 2015-12-07
The California Apiculturist Volume 1 written by Anonymous and has been published by Palala Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-07 with categories.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The California Almond Pollination Market
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Author : Brittney Kay Goodrich
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
The California Almond Pollination Market written by Brittney Kay Goodrich and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Economists have been interested in markets for pollination services since Meade (1952) described the reciprocal benefits of pollination. However, the California almond pollination market does not fit the typical reciprocal benefits perspective because beekeepers and almond growers have diverging preferences. It is not profitable for beekeepers to extract and market almond honey, because it is not palatable to humans. Furthermore, California almonds bloom in mid-February, a time when colonies are naturally at their smallest size in a state of winter dormancy. Honey bee colonies exhibit increasing returns to scale in pollination, so almond growers prefer high colony strength. Beekeepers must invest inputs into colonies to increase colony strength for almond pollination. During and immediately after almond bloom very little is blooming elsewhere. Because California almond pollination now requires over three-fourths of all colonies in the United States, immediately following almond bloom most beekeepers must either feed their colonies food supplements or compete for the small number of other crop pollination contracts in California and the Pacific Northwest. An incentive problem thus exists in almond pollination: delivering colonies with high colony strength is costly to the beekeeper while high colony strength is desired by the almond grower. I develop a principal-agent model in Chapter 2 to show that a profit-maximizing almond grower conditions the per-colony fee on delivered colony strength to incentivize beekeepers to invest effort into increasing colony strength. I then explore the types of contracts used during the 2015 almond pollination season using a grower survey that I conducted at the Almond Board of California's 2015 Almond Conference. Although I find variation in the contract provisions used, nearly 90 percent of the 74 analyzed respondents had contracts which included a minimum colony strength requirement. Chapter 3 is a complete summary of the almond grower survey, which provides the first formal information on provisions used in almond pollination contracts reported publicly. In this chapter, I find that almond pollination agreements are often relational in nature and repeated over many pollination seasons. I conclude that growers likely vary in preferences for almond pollination contract provisions and enforcement based on their trust and relationships with beekeepers, expectations regarding yield benefits, experience in the industry, and monitoring costs due to the amount of acreage they own. In Chapter 4, I explore outcomes of the contract provisions discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. I estimate the effect of delivered colony strength on per-colony almond pollination fees using the California State Beekeeper's Association survey responses from years 2008-2016. Because a beekeeper's colony mortality rate over the winter and her delivered colony strength for almond pollination should be related through exogenous colony health issues, I use a beekeeper's reported winter mortality rate as a proxy for her delivered colony strength. I estimate that a 10 percentage point increase in a beekeeper's winter mortality rate leads to an average decrease of 16 percent in total revenues from almond pollination, due to the beekeeper having fewer colonies to rent and receiving lower per-colony fees for her surviving colonies. Chapter 5 highlights the interdependent relationship of almond production and honey bee colony health caused by the large demand for colonies for almond pollination relative to the U.S. honey bee colony population. I analyze data provided by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which contains information on each out-of-state apiary shipment entering California. I determine that shipments into California are concentrated in major almond-producing counties, often at densities over 35 colonies per square mile. In 2016, roughly 76 percent of colonies shipped into California for almond pollination came from eight states, most of which are in the northwestern U.S. Since 2008, the state with the largest increase in colony shipments into California was Florida, whose shipments increased by 278 percent. Florida has relatively high transportation costs of supplying colonies to California, suggesting that the per-colony cost of the marginal supplier of colonies for almond pollination has increased since 2008. I find that when a state's winter mortality rate is above average, the number of colony shipments into California from that state is often below average. Alternatively, when California beekeepers experience higher than average winter mortality rates, out-of state shipments increase to make up for the smaller in-state supply of colonies. The conclusions of this dissertation provide many contributions to the economic literature on pollination services, as well as to policy regarding the improvement of pollinator health. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 show that colony strength is an important consideration for beekeepers and almond growers alike. Because colony strength varies and fees are conditional on colony strength, averaging almond pollination fees is equivalent to averaging prices of heterogeneous products which can result in incorrect inference regarding supply and demand. Thus, it is important to collect survey data on colony strength requirements as well as pollination fees to get an accurate representation of market conditions. Ignoring the role of colony strength underestimates the economic impacts of colony health issues. First, such issues often lead to low delivered colony strength in addition to high winter mortality rates. Thus, beekeepers' returns per surviving colony are reduced. These losses can be substantial given that almond pollination is a large share of commercial beekeepers' revenues. Second, the findings of Chapter 5 highlight the sizable risks faced by beekeepers and almond growers due to the interdependent relationship between honey bee colony health and almond production. High concentrations of honey bee colonies in California almond-producing counties could lead to the rapid spread of pest and diseases among colonies, while colony health issues in regions that are main suppliers of colonies for almond pollination could significantly decrease the number and strength of colonies available for almond pollination.
Beekeeping In California
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Author : Eric C. Mussen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Beekeeping In California written by Eric C. Mussen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Bee culture categories.
Almonds Bees And Externalities In The California Agricultural Economy
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Author : John William Siebert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
Almonds Bees And Externalities In The California Agricultural Economy written by John William Siebert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Almond categories.
The Great Bee Migration
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Author : Brittney K. Goodrich
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
The Great Bee Migration written by Brittney K. Goodrich and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Over the last two decades, the number of honey bee colonies performing pollination services for the California almond industry has grown steadily and now equals a substantial share of all colonies in the United States. Most US beekeeping operations have not expanded their colony numbers at the current levels of almond pollination fees. Thus, as almond acreage has increased, the marginal supplier of colonies has moved further away from California, increasing interstate shipments. We provide a conceptual representation of the supply and demand of U.S. colonies for almond pollination, and utilize the relatively inelastic demand for colonies to explore spatial elasticities of supply. We combine colony shipment data from 2007 to 2018 provided by the California Department of Food and Agriculture with projected prices from the California State Beekeeper's Association pollination fee survey. We use a geographically weighted regression to estimate supply elasticities for each state, and provide supporting regional estimates. The eastern United States, where beekeepers have hesitated to participate in almond pollination due to relatively high transportation costs and the potential for local honey production at the time of almond bloom, have some of the highest price elasticities of supply. This suggests that beekeepers in areas with low transportation and/or opportunity costs have supplied all available colonies, and increases in almond pollination fees have had little effect. We estimate that Florida, Georgia, and Texas had the largest number of colonies that did not participate in almond pollination in 2017, so further increases in supply are likely to come from those states.
From The U C Apiaries University Of California
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Author : California. University. Cooperative Extension
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
From The U C Apiaries University Of California written by California. University. Cooperative Extension and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Agriculture categories.
Santa Clara County Beekeeper
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Author : Beekeeper Record
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-06-14
Santa Clara County Beekeeper written by Beekeeper Record and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-14 with categories.
Beekeeping Journal: Beekeeper Record Book For Bees Notebook This Beekeepers daily diary log book is a great way to keep track of the health of your beehive or beehives. There is a checklist for all of your important information, which include inspection notes, general hive appearance, weather conditions, signs of pest, is the queen bee present, temperament, is the population thriving, capacity (how full are the frames), reproduction (is there one egg or larva per cell), storing enough honey, brood pattern. There is also plenty of blank lined section for notes for any other issues or things you can write, for example are the bees actively entering and exiting the hive, or questions to ask, etc. Writing in journals and books is very helpful in keeping your information safe in one place. Never lose track of your precious bees records. This notebook is a perfect gift for bee lovers. Size is 6x9 inches, 103 pages, white paper, matte finish cover, paperback.
The Beekeeper S Lament
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Author : Hannah Nordhaus
language : en
Publisher: Harper Collins
Release Date : 2011-05-24
The Beekeeper S Lament written by Hannah Nordhaus and has been published by Harper Collins this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-05-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
“You’llnever think of bees, their keepers, or the fruits (and nuts) of their laborsthe same way again.” —Trevor Corson, author of The Secret Life of Lobsters Award-winning journalist Hannah Nordhaus tells the remarkable story of John Miller, one of America’s foremost migratory beekeepers, and the myriad and mysterious epidemics threatening American honeybee populations. In luminous, razor-sharp prose, Nordhaus explores the vital role that honeybees play in American agribusiness, the maintenance of our food chain, and the very future of the nation. With an intimate focus and incisive reporting, in a book perfect for fans of Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation, Michael Pollan’s The Botany of Desire,and John McPhee’s Oranges, Nordhaus’s stunning exposé illuminates one the most critical issues facing the world today,offering insight, information, and, ultimately, hope.
California Beekeeper
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Author : Beekeeper Record
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-06-14
California Beekeeper written by Beekeeper Record and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-14 with categories.
Beekeeping Journal: Beekeeper Record Book For Bees Notebook This Beekeepers daily diary log book is a great way to keep track of the health of your beehive or beehives. There is a checklist for all of your important information, which include inspection notes, general hive appearance, weather conditions, signs of pest, is the queen bee present, temperament, is the population thriving, capacity (how full are the frames), reproduction (is there one egg or larva per cell), storing enough honey, brood pattern. There is also plenty of blank lined section for notes for any other issues or things you can write, for example are the bees actively entering and exiting the hive, or questions to ask, etc. Writing in journals and books is very helpful in keeping your information safe in one place. Never lose track of your precious bees records. This notebook is a perfect gift for bee lovers. Size is 6x9 inches, 103 pages, white paper, matte finish cover, paperback.
