The Contribution Of Non Farm Income In Reducing Poverty And Inequality
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The Contribution Of Non Farm Income In Reducing Poverty And Inequality
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Author : Irsa Sarwar
language : en
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Release Date : 2010-12
The Contribution Of Non Farm Income In Reducing Poverty And Inequality written by Irsa Sarwar and has been published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12 with categories.
Due to decreasing share of agriculture income in total income and increasing poverty, the importance of non-farm income has increased. So it is critical to analyze the current structure of non-farm income, its distribution into various non farm income sources and to decompose the non farm income inequality among different poverty bands and landholdings. Such an analysis will ensure that correct policy intervention can be made in the relevant sub sector. This study will help policy makers to design policies in accordance with the characteristics of the particular sub-sector. This research will also be a starting point for researchers to bring the research at aggregate level to the micro level in order the research to be more specific and meaningful.
Nonfarm Income Inequality And Land In Rural Egypt
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Author : Richard H. Adams
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1999
Nonfarm Income Inequality And Land In Rural Egypt written by Richard H. Adams and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Equality categories.
Policymakers interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt should focus on nonfarm income, which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution. Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land "pushes" poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.
Nonfarm Income Inequality And Land In Rural Egypt
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Author : Adams, Jr. (Richard H.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Nonfarm Income Inequality And Land In Rural Egypt written by Adams, Jr. (Richard H.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Policymakers interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt should focus on nonfarm income - which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution. Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land pushes poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.The author uses household-level data from a nationally representative survey to analyze the impact of nonfarm income on income inequality in rural Egypt. After pinpointing the importance of nonfarm income to the rural poor, the author decomposes total rural income among five sources, nonfarm, agricultural, livestock, rental, and transfer.He shows that while nonfarm income represents the most important inequality-reducing source of income, agricultural income represents the most important inequality-increasing source.A 1 percent marginal increase in nonfarm income will cause the Gini coefficient of overall income to fall by 12.8 percent. But a 1 percent marginal increase in agricultural income will cause the Gini coefficient to rise by 15.8 percent. The reason for this difference has to do with land, which is distributed very unevenly in this study.Regression analysis of the determinants of income shows that land ownership is positively and statistically related to the receipt of agricultural income but has no statistical relationship to the receipt of nonfarm income.This leads the author to three conclusions:-If policymakers are interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt, they should focus on nonfarm income - which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution.-Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land pushes poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.-Agricultural income contributes most to rural income inequality because it is highly correlated with land ownership and with total rural income.This paper - a product of the Human Development Sector Group, Middle East and North Africa Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to identify the sources of income for the rural poor. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Non Farm Diversification Poverty Economic Mobility And Income Inequality
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Author : Peter Lanjouw
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Non Farm Diversification Poverty Economic Mobility And Income Inequality written by Peter Lanjouw and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Equality categories.
This paper assembles data at the all-India level and for the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to document the growing importance, and influence, of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The suggestion from the combined National Sample Survey and Palanpur data is of a slow process of non-farm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the non-farm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility among the poorest segments of rural society. Efforts by the government of India to accelerate the process of diversification could thus yield significant returns in terms of declining poverty and increased income mobility. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm. A growing literature argues that such a rise in inequality could affect the fabric of village society, the way in which village institutions function and evolve, and the scope for collective action at the village level. Failure to keep such inequalities in check could thus undermine the pro-poor impacts from the process of structural transformation currently underway in rural India.
Poverty Impacts And Policy Options Of Non Farm Rural Employment
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Author : Gertrud Buchenrieder
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Poverty Impacts And Policy Options Of Non Farm Rural Employment written by Gertrud Buchenrieder and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Manpower policy, Rural categories.
Evidence from many low income countries over the last decade shows that the share of rural household income from non-farm sources is growing. Empirical research found that non-farm sources contribute 40-50% to average rural household income. Most of this income originates from local rural sources. Thus, non-farm rural employment is gaining prominence in debates on rural development, particularly in the sense of reducing poverty in farm households and contributing to sustainable livelihoods. Farm households have been observed to follow a multitude of strategies to prepare for and cope with different kinds of risks and thus reduce their livelihood vulnerability. As it concerns income creating strategies, they can be grouped into two categories: (i) adjusting and diversifying farm production activities and (ii) non-farm activities (on- and off-farm) such as wage- and self-employment in the same region or urban centres, implying temporary or permanent migration. In summarysing, it can be stated that diversity and sustainability of livelihoods play a key role in rural households' strategies to ensure survival under difficult ecological and economic conditions. Some common patterns can be identified: if access to farm land is a limiting factor for rural households, even low-paid jobs in the non-farm sector are of key importance to make a living. If land supply is elastic and accessible to rural households, the diversification of farm activities is followed as the main strategy to secure their livelihoods, often supplemented by some form of non-farm rural employment. In general, the farm size must surpass a critical threshold to create capacities to engage in better paid non-farm rural employment, which limits policy options to refer to non-farm rural employment as a silver bullet accessible to all social groups when fighting rural mass poverty. Also, the role of social capital assets cannot be underestimated as it paves the way for profitable forms of non-farm rural employment. This edited volume is a collection of topical papers presented at the Deutsche Tropentag (DTT) 2001 "One World - Research for a Better Quality of Life" that was held at the University of Bonn from October. 9th to 11th, 2001 in Bonn. Papers of the thematic sessions on "Conflicts, Migration and Rural Development" as well as "Poverty and Livelihood Strategies" are combined in this publication. The papers deal with the issues of non-farm rural employment for sustainable rural livelihoods. It also includes one topical paper that was presented at the 42nd Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaus (GEWISOLA) "Perspectives for the European Agricultural and Food Sector Following Eastern Enlargement", September 30 to October 2, 2002, at the Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany. The contributions in this volume on non-farm rural employment and its poverty alleviation impact on farm households and policy options contains are from six case countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala as well as Bulgaria, Kosovo, and Romania) in two distinct regions (Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe).
Non Farm Diversification Poverty Economic Mobility And Income Inequality
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Non Farm Diversification Poverty Economic Mobility And Income Inequality written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This paper assembles data at the all-India level and for the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to document the growing importance, and influence, of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The suggestion from the combined National Sample Survey and Palanpur data is of a slow process of non-farm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the non-farm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility among the poorest segments of rural society. Efforts by the government of India to accelerate the process of diversification could thus yield significant returns in terms of declining poverty and increased income mobility. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm. A growing literature argues that such a rise in inequality could affect the fabric of village society, the way in which village institutions function and evolve, and the scope for collective action at the village level. Failure to keep such inequalities in check could thus undermine the pro-poor impacts from the process of structural transformation currently underway in rural India.
Transforming The Rural Nonfarm Economy
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Author : Steven Haggblade
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2007-11-16
Transforming The Rural Nonfarm Economy written by Steven Haggblade and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-16 with Business & Economics categories.
Contrary to conventional wisdom that equates rural economies with agriculture, rural residents in developing countries often rely heavily on activities other than farming for their income. Indeed, nonfarm work accounts for between one-third and one-half of rural incomes in the developing world. In recent years, accelerating globalization, increasing competition from large businesses, expanding urban markets for rural goods and services, and greater availability of information and communication technology have combined to expose rural nonfarm businesses to new opportunities as well as new risks. By examining these rapid changes in the rural nonfarm economy, international experts explore how the rural nonfarm economy can contribute to overall economic growth in developing countries and how the poor can participate in this rapidly evolving segment of the economy. The authors review an array of recent studies of the rural nonfarm economy in order to summarize existing empirical evidence, explore policy implications, and identify future research priorities. They examine the varied scale, structure, and composition of the rural nonfarm economy, as well as its relationship with agricultural and urban enterprises. And they address key questions about the role of public intervention in the rural nonfarm economy and how the rural poor can participate in and navigate the rapid transition underway in rural areas. The contributors offer new insights to specialists in rural development and to others interested in overall economic development.
Non Farm Activity And Rural Income Inequality
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Author : Nong Zhu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Non Farm Activity And Rural Income Inequality written by Nong Zhu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with China categories.
Nonfarm activity plays an increasingly important role in rural household income. Based on data from the Living Standards Measurement Study in the provinces of Hebei and Liaoning, the authors study the distribution of nonfarm income in rural China. First, they assume nonfarm income as an exogenous transfer to total income to decompose the Gini index. Second, they assume nonfarm income as a potential substitute for farm income to take household choices into account and simulate household income. The results show that nonfarm activity reduces rural income inequality by raising the income of poor households to a larger extent than that of rich households. Improving rural infrastructure and implementing universal basic education are critical to build up the capacity of households (in particular, poor households) to participate in nonfarm activity. Strengthening the links between farm activity and nonfarm activity is essential to optimize the contribution of nonfarm activity to pro-poor rural economic development.
Would Freeing Up World Trade Reduce Poverty And Inequality
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Author : Kym Anderson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Would Freeing Up World Trade Reduce Poverty And Inequality written by Kym Anderson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Agriculture categories.
Trade policy reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions that were harming agriculture in developing countries, yet global trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. Those distortions reduce some forms of poverty and inequality but worsen others, so the net effects are unclear without empirical modeling. This paper summarizes a series of new economy-wide global and national empirical studies that focus on the net effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade on poverty and inequality globally and in various developing countries. The global LINKAGE model results suggest that removing those remaining distortions would reduce international inequality, largely by boosting net farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and would reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model for a sample of 15 countries, and ten stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue.
Promotion Of Rural Employment For Poverty Reduction
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: International Labour Organization
Release Date : 2008
Promotion Of Rural Employment For Poverty Reduction written by and has been published by International Labour Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Employment in foreign countries categories.
This report adopts a decent work perspective to approach the challenge of promoting employment and reducing poverty in rural areas by examining issues of employment, social protection, rights and social dialogue in rural areas in an integrated way.