The Effect Of A Health And Economic Shock On The Gender Ethnic And Racial Gap In Labor Market Outcomes
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The Effect Of A Health And Economic Shock On The Gender Ethnic And Racial Gap In Labor Market Outcomes
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Author : Stefani Milovanska-Farrington
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
The Effect Of A Health And Economic Shock On The Gender Ethnic And Racial Gap In Labor Market Outcomes written by Stefani Milovanska-Farrington and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
With more than 29 million confirmed cases of Covid-19 in the U.S. and 119 million cases worldwide, the pandemic has affected companies, households and the global economy. We explore the effect of this health and economic shock on labor market outcomes, and the changes in labor market disparities between ethnic groups and genders. The results provide evidence of an adverse effect of Covid-19 on labor market outcomes of all demographic groups, a widening gap between the employment prospects of minorities and whites, but no change in the earnings gaps between racial and ethnic groups. We also do not find a deterioration of the differentials between genders. The findings have implications related to the priorities of policy decision makers when implementing policies to combat race and ethnic, and gender gaps in the labor market.
Racial And Ethnic Inequality And The China Shock
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Author : Lisa B. Kahn
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Racial And Ethnic Inequality And The China Shock written by Lisa B. Kahn and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
We examine how the labor market effects of import competition vary across Black, Hispanic, and white populations. For a given level of exposure to imports from China, we find no evidence that minority workers are relatively more harmed than white workers in terms of their manufacturing employment. However, Hispanic workers are overrepresented in exposed industries and therefore face greater manufacturing employment losses relative to whites on net. In addition, they experienced relative losses in non-manufacturing employment, largely due to their lower educational attainment and baseline industry mix. Overall, the China shock increased the Hispanic-white employment gap by about 5%, though these effects were short lived. In contrast, Black workers are less likely to live in areas or work in industries facing import competition, resulting in less negative effects on manufacturing employment relative to whites. In addition, exposed Black workers experienced gains in non-manufacturing and overall employment with no measurable wage consequences, while white workers saw depressed employment rates due to the China shock. The lasting effects of import competition in exposed areas were driven by white workers, while the experience of Black workers suggests that movement into non-manufacturing jobs was possible. White workers did not take advantage of these opportunities, perhaps due to better safety nets or perceptions that the available jobs were poor substitutes for those lost in manufacturing. The China shock narrowed the Black-white employment gap by about 15%. While many recent labor market trends have exacerbated Black-white gaps, import competition is a modest offsetting force.
The Oxford Handbook Of Women And The Economy
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Author : Susan L. Averett
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-05-15
The Oxford Handbook Of Women And The Economy written by Susan L. Averett and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-15 with Business & Economics categories.
The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Gender And Employment In The Covid 19 Recession Evidence On She Cessions
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Author : Mr. John C Bluedorn
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-03-31
Gender And Employment In The Covid 19 Recession Evidence On She Cessions written by Mr. John C Bluedorn and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-31 with Business & Economics categories.
Early evidence on the pandemic’s effects pointed to women’s employment falling disproportionately, leading observers to call a “she-cession.” This paper documents the extent and persistence of this phenomenon in a quarterly sample of 38 advanced and emerging market economies. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity across countries, with over half to two-thirds exhibiting larger declines in women’s than men’s employment rates. These gender differences in COVID-19’s effects are typically short-lived, lasting only a quarter or two on average. We also show that she-cessions are strongly related to COVID-19’s impacts on gender shares in employment within sectors.
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion
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Author : Mr.Jonathan David Ostry
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2018-10-09
Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion written by Mr.Jonathan David Ostry and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-09 with Business & Economics categories.
While progress has been made in increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) in the last 20 years, large gaps remain. The latest Fund research shows that improving gender diversity can result in larger economic gains than previously thought. Indeed, gender diversity brings benefits all its own. Women bring new skills to the workplace. This may reflect social norms and their impact on upbringing and social interactions, or underlying differences in risk preference and response to incentives for example. As such, there is an economic benefit from diversity, that is from bringing women into the labor force, over and above the benefit resulting from more (male) workers. The study finds that male and female labor are imperfect substitutes in production, and therefore gender differences in the labor force matter. The results also imply that standard models, which ignore such differences, understate the favorable impact of gender inclusion on growth, and misattribute to technology a part of growth that is actually caused by women’s participation. The study further suggests that narrowing gender gaps benefits both men and women, because of a boost to male wages from higher FLFP. The paper also examines the role of women in the process of sectoral reallocation from traditional agriculture to services and the resulting effect on productivity and growth. Because FLFP is relatively high in services, sectoral reallocation along development paths serves to boost gender parity and productivity.
Happiness For All
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Author : Carol Graham
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-07-14
Happiness For All written by Carol Graham and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-14 with Business & Economics categories.
The Declaration of Independence states that all people are endowed with certain unalienable rights, and that among these is the pursuit of happiness. But is happiness equally available to everyone in America today? How about elsewhere in the world? Carol Graham draws on cutting-edge research linking income inequality with well-being to show how the widening prosperity gap has led to rising inequality in people's beliefs, hopes, and aspirations. For the United States and other developed countries, the high costs of being poor are most evident not in material deprivation but rather in stress, insecurity, and lack of hope. The result is an optimism gap between rich and poor that, if left unchecked, could lead to an increasingly divided society. Graham reveals how people who do not believe in their own futures are unlikely to invest in them, and how the consequences can range from job instability and poor education to greater mortality rates, failed marriages, and higher rates of incarceration. She describes how the optimism gap is reflected in the very words people use--the wealthy use words that reflect knowledge acquisition and healthy behaviors, while the words of the poor reflect desperation, short-term outlooks, and patchwork solutions. She also explains why the least optimistic people in America are poor whites, not poor blacks or Hispanics. Happiness for All? highlights the importance of well-being measures in identifying and monitoring trends in life satisfaction and optimism--and misery and despair--and demonstrates how hope and happiness can lead to improved economic outcomes.
Unfair Advantage
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Author : World Bank
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Unfair Advantage written by World Bank and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Business & Economics categories.
Social Epidemiology
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Author : Lisa F. Berkman
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2000-03-09
Social Epidemiology written by Lisa F. Berkman and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-03-09 with Medical categories.
This book shows the important links between social conditions and health and begins to describe the processes through which these health inequalities may be generated. It reviews a range of methodologies that could be used by health researchers in this field and proposes innovative future research directions.
Women S Economic Empowerment
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Author : Kate Grantham
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-03-04
Women S Economic Empowerment written by Kate Grantham and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-04 with Social Science categories.
This book investigates the barriers to women’s economic empowerment in the Global South. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of countries, the book outlines important lessons and practical solutions for promoting gender equality. Despite global progress in closing gender gaps in education and health, women’s economic empowerment has lagged behind, with little evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality. International Development Research Centre’s (IDRC) Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme was set up to provide policy lessons, insights, and concrete solutions that could lead to advances in gender equality, particularly on the role of institutions and macroeconomic growth, barriers to labour market access for women, and the impact of women’s care responsibilities. This book showcases rigorous and multi-disciplinary research emerging from this ground-breaking programme, covering topics such as the school-to-work transition, child marriage, unpaid domestic work and childcare, labour market segregation, and the power of social and cultural norms that prevent women from fully participating in better paid sectors of the economy. With a range of rich case studies from Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nepal, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Uganda, this book is perfect for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on women’s economic empowerment and gender equality in the Global South.
High And Rising Mortality Rates Among Working Age Adults
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Author : National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-12-02
High And Rising Mortality Rates Among Working Age Adults written by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-02 with categories.