The Hope And Lifetime Learning Tax Credits And Probability Of College Attendance
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The Hope And Lifetime Learning Tax Credits And Probability Of College Attendance
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
The Hope And Lifetime Learning Tax Credits And Probability Of College Attendance written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Sustaining The States
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Author : Marilyn Marks Rubin
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2014-08-26
Sustaining The States written by Marilyn Marks Rubin and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-26 with Business & Economics categories.
State fiscal decisions have a significant impact on the US economy. Taken together, subnational governments employ more than one out of every eight workers and provide the bulk of all basic governmental services consumed by individuals and businesses. Sustaining the States: The Fiscal Viability of American State Governments will give you a basic understanding of trends in, current status of, and future prospects for the fiscal sustainability of state governments. After reading this book, you should have a great appreciation for the reach and multiple contributions of state governments to individuals and communities across the nation. The book examines the broad range and depth of state revenues, responsibilities, and activities. It begins with an assessment of executive budgeting in the states, then presents the experiences of states with strong executive-driven systems and the various rules and institutions that impact state government budget discipline. The book goes on to examine state revenue sources, debt, pensions, and spending, honing in on vital state functions including education, transportation, health services and public safety. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges that will test the fiscal vibrancy of US state governments going forward: vulnerability to future economic downturns, growing dependence on an increasingly austere federal government, the obsolescence of state tax systems and an ever more coercive system of federalism. Edited by experts, with a hand-picked panel of contributors, the book delineates the resources that states generate and use to conduct the business of government. The chapters outline the very real and significant constraints on the ability of the states to fulfill their responsibilities and introduce several challenges that state governments face and are actively addressing as they strive for fiscal sustainability. These features provide a clear, realistic understanding of state operations and financing in the United States, today. The book should also leave you with a sense of optimism for the capacity of state governments to advance forward.
The Routledge Handbook Of The Economics Of Education
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Author : Brian P. McCall
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2021-12-30
The Routledge Handbook Of The Economics Of Education written by Brian P. McCall and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-30 with Business & Economics categories.
The economics of education is a burgeoning area of study, employing increasingly sophisticated analytical tools to answer questions with high societal impact. Thus, the aim of this handbook is to provide readers with an up-to-date overview of the current state of the field of the economics of education and its main areas of research. This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative overview of key theoretical and policy areas, covering topics like econometric methods for education economics, returns to education, competition in education provision, education and economic growth, and education and inequality. It reviews the current state of research from early childhood through postgraduate education as well as adult education and life-long learning. Offering a truly international perspective, the handbook benefits from a global group of contributors and attention to both developed and developing country contexts. The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Education will be a valuable resource for advanced students, researchers, and policymakers across economics, education, and public policy.
College Choices
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Author : Caroline M. Hoxby
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2007-11-01
College Choices written by Caroline M. Hoxby and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-01 with Education categories.
Aspiring college students and their families have many options. A student can attend an in-state or an out-of-state school, a public or private college, a two-year community college program or a four-year university program. Students can attend full-time and have a bachelor of arts degree by the age of twenty-three or mix college and work, progressing toward a degree more slowly. To make matters more complicated, the array of financial aid available is more complex than ever. Students and their families must weigh federal grants, state merit scholarships, college tax credits, and college savings accounts, just to name a few. In College Choices, Caroline Hoxby and a distinguished group of economists show how students and their families really make college decisions—how they respond to financial aid options, how peer relationships figure in the decision-making process, and even whether they need mentoring to get through the admissions process. Students of all sorts are considered—from poor students, who may struggle with applications and whether to continue on to college, to high aptitude students who are offered "free rides" at elite schools. College Choices utilizes the best methods and latest data to analyze the college decision-making process, while explaining how changes in aid and admissions practices inform those decisions as well.
The Economics Of Social Determinants Of Health And Health Inequalities
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2013
The Economics Of Social Determinants Of Health And Health Inequalities written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Business & Economics categories.
"This resource book discusses the economic arguments that could (and could not) be put forth to support the case for investing in the social determinants of health on average and in the reduction in socially determined health inequalities. It provides an overview and introduction into how economists would approach the assessment of the economic motivation to invest in the social determinants of health and socially determined health inequities, including what the major challenges are in this assessment. It illustrates the extent to which an economic argument can be made in favour of investment in 3 major social determinants of health areas: education, social protection, and urban development and infrastructure. It describes whether education policy, social protection, and urban development, housing and transport policy can act as health policy"--
College Access And Tax Credits
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Author : Michelle Asha Cooper
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
College Access And Tax Credits written by Michelle Asha Cooper and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
For over a half-century, discussions of educational barriers have figured prominently on the national agenda. In the 1940's, under the leadership of President Harry Truman, the Commission on Higher Education articulated the nation's commitment to "eliminate the barriers of equality of educational opportunity." Nearly two decades later, the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) was enacted. The primary goal of the financial aid programs authorized under the HEA is to ensure that no academically qualified student who desires an education is denied access because of the lack of financial resources. Although the financial aid programs authorized under the HEA have helped to make college affordable for many low- and moderate-income students, many more of these students continue to encounter financial barriers that have adverse effects on their college enrollment and persistence. In the 1990s, financial barriers to college attainment became an even greater challenge as tuition prices soared, making the cost of attendance prohibitive to many low- and moderate-income students and families. In response to these concerns, President William J. Clinton enacted the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. This legislation, which included the HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits, marked a new era of federal support for equalizing educational opportunity. This report outlines the goals and key provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, focusing specifically on the HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits. In addition, the report summarizes the existing studies on tax credits and college enrollment, which typically show that the policy's structure prevents it from achieving its intended outcomes--making college accessible and affordable. The HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits were intended to increase college enrollment rates. Although some researchers speculate that it may be too soon to assess the effects of the HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits on college enrollment, some still attempt to gauge the policy's effectiveness. These researchers conclude that: (1) The HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits have not increased college enrollment rates; and (2) Unlike the traditional student aid programs, the primary beneficiaries of the HOPE and Lifetime Learning tax credits are middle-income students. These credits encourage middle-income students and adult learners to consider a wider array of college-choice options (i.e., to enroll in four-year colleges rather than two-year schools) and to continue post-baccalaureate studies. But the credits do not appear to have any significant effect on the enrollment decisions of low- and moderate-income students. The paper concludes with additional comments on the enrollment effects of tax credits and offers suggestions for additional research. Appendix includes: Selected Characteristics of Tax Provisions in the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. (Contains 4 tables and 3 figures.).
Higher Education Tax Credits
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Author : Linda W. Cooke
language : en
Publisher: Nova Novinka
Release Date : 2006
Higher Education Tax Credits written by Linda W. Cooke and has been published by Nova Novinka this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Business & Economics categories.
Education tax credits were introduced as a new subsidy for higher education in 1997 and have cost, on average, $4.6 billion a year in lost tax revenue since their enactment. The introduction of the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit marked a dramatic increase in education spending through tax expenditures. Prior to 1997, tax incentives for higher education expenses totalled less than $2 billion in estimated lost revenue. The education tax credit program expanded the number of federal agencies involved in education policy making and increased the complexity and cost of administering the income tax system. This book provides analysis of the education tax credit program in the context of issues facing Congress in regard to higher education. This report begins with a review of the economic rationale for subsidising education, then describes federal subsidies for education in general and the education tax credits in particular. An analysis of the education credits follows and the report concludes with a discussion of education tax credit policy options. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 established two permanent federal income tax credits, effective since tax year 1998, for qualified post secondary education expenses -- the Hope Scholarship credit and the Lifetime Learning credit. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 created a temporary higher education tax deduction beginning in 2002. The Hope credit was introduced to help ensure that students have access to the first two years of undergraduate education. The Lifetime Learning credit and tuition and fees deduction provide support for students in any year of undergraduate and graduate study; they are unique in that they are available to individuals taking occasional courses. Only one of the three tax benefits may be taken in the same tax year for the same eligible student's qualified expenses. Key features of the credits and deduction dictate who the provisions benefit and the value of assistance they confer. Among these are the non-refundable nature of the credits (i.e., persons must have income tax liabilities and the liabilities must exceed the maximum amount of the credits in order to claim their full value), the deduction's availability whether or not taxpayers take itemised deductions, and the statutory limits on benefit amounts and on taxpayers' income. Accordingly, middle-and upper middle-income individuals are the targeted beneficiaries of these tax incentives. All three benefits apply to the tuition and fees required for enrolment that are not offset by grant aid (e.g. qualified scholarships) and other tax benefits (e.g. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts and Section 529 Plans). The Hope credit has had a maximum value of $1,500 per student since its inception; the Lifetime Learning credit, $2,000 per return since 2003.
The American Opportunity Tax Credit
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Author : Margot Crandall-Hollick
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2012-07-28
The American Opportunity Tax Credit written by Margot Crandall-Hollick and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-28 with Political Science categories.
The American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC)-enacted on a temporary basis by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) and extended through the end of 2012 by the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-312)-is a partially refundable tax credit that provides financial assistance to taxpayers who are attending college, or whose children are attending college. The credit, worth up to $2,500 per student, can be claimed for a student's first four years of post-secondary education. In addition, 40% of the credit (up to $1,000) can be received as a refund by taxpayers with little or no tax liability. The credit phases out for taxpayers with income between $80,000 and $90,000 ($160,000 and $180,000 for married couples filing jointly) and is hence unavailable to taxpayers with income above $90,000 ($180,000 for married couples filing jointly). There are a variety of other eligibility requirements associated with the AOTC, including the type of degree the student is pursuing, the number of courses the student is taking, and the type of expenses which qualify. Prior to the enactment of the AOTC, there were two permanent education tax credits, the Hope Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit. The AOTC temporarily replaced the Hope Credit from 2009 through the end of 2012 (the Lifetime Learning Credit remains unchanged). A comparison of these two credits indicates that the AOTC is both larger-on a per capita and aggregate basis-and more widely available in comparison to the Hope Credit. Data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicates that enactment of the AOTC contributed to a more than doubling of the amount of education credits claimed by taxpayers. Education tax credits were intended to provide federal financial assistance to students from middle-income families, who may not benefit from other forms of traditional student aid, like Pell Grants. The enactment of the AOTC reflected a desire to continue to provide substantial financial assistance to students from middle-income families, while also expanding the credit to certain lower- and upper-income students. A distributional analysis of the AOTC highlights that this benefit is targeted to the middle class, with more than half (53%) of the estimated $16 billion of AOTCs in 2009 going to taxpayers with income between $30,000 and $100,000. One of the primary goals of education tax credits, including the AOTC, is to increase college attendance. Studies analyzing the impact education tax incentives have had on college attendance are mixed. Recent research that has focused broadly on education tax incentives that lower tuition costs and have been in effect for several years, including the Hope and Lifetime Learning Credits, found that while these credits did increase attendance by approximately 7%, 93% of recipients of these benefits would have attended college in their absence. Even though the AOTC differs from the Hope Credit in key ways, there are a variety of factors that suggest this provision may also have a limited impact on increasing college attendance. In addition, a recent report from the Treasury Department's Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) identified several compliance issues with the AOTC. There are a variety of policy options Congress may consider regarding the AOTC, including extending the credit, extending a modified AOTC, or repealing the Hope and Lifetime Credits and extending a modified AOTC that includes provisions included in these credits. Alternatively, Congress may want to examine alternative ways to reduce the cost of higher education.
The Hope Lifetime Learning Education Tax Credits Ed442337 U S Department Of Education
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Author : United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001*
The Hope Lifetime Learning Education Tax Credits Ed442337 U S Department Of Education written by United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001* with categories.
Field Hearing On H R 6 Reauthorization Of The Higher Education Act
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and the Workforce. Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Training, and Life-long Learning
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Field Hearing On H R 6 Reauthorization Of The Higher Education Act written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and the Workforce. Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education, Training, and Life-long Learning and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Education categories.
Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.