The Long Term Persistence Of State Capacity And Its Origins In The British Empire Latin America Korea And Taiwan
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The Long Term Persistence Of State Capacity And Its Origins In The British Empire Latin America Korea And Taiwan
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Author : CHIJIUN ALBERT CHANG
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
The Long Term Persistence Of State Capacity And Its Origins In The British Empire Latin America Korea And Taiwan written by CHIJIUN ALBERT CHANG and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation examines the origins and persistence of state capacity in three regions: the former colonies of the British Empire, the former Japanese colonies of Korea and Taiwan, and Latin America. In all three regions, I find that countries differ significantly in state capacity, and that these differences are highly persistent. In the cases of the former British colonies, Korea, and Taiwan, I find that differences in state capacity were already well-established during the last few decades of colonial rule by Britain and Japan, respectively, in the mid-20th century. In the case of Latin America, I find that differences in state capacity were also highly apparent in the independent Latin American countries by the early 20th century, and that they have persisted up to the present day. This project shows the persistence of state capacity across the 20th century in these three regions and also suggests reasons for the origins of these differences in state capacity. First, I find that measures of state capacity in 38 former colonies of the British Empire at the time of independence strongly predict modern-day levels of GDP and HDI in the independent countries. Using three measures of colonial-state capacity - taxes collected per capita, the size of the colonial police force per capita, and extent of the British legal system - I find that all three variables strongly predict modern-day per capita income as well as educational and health indicators, after controlling for initial conditions, as well as geographical and other precolonial variables. The analysis also suggests that the reasons that the British established colonies with greater state capacity in some territories but not in others do not appear to be related to natural or geographical advantages that would predict modern-day economic performance, or even to how much economic potential they thought the territory might have. The British were more likely to establish an intense colonial administration where it was inexpensive to do so. In particular, it was less costly when there was little indigenous resistance to British colonization, and where there were no native polities through which they could rule indirectly. Next, I show how the state capacity developed under colonial rule in four Asian countries (Taiwan, South Korea, India, and Singapore), under two different colonial rulers (Japan and Britain), was maintained and affected policy-making and implementation in the first decade after independence. This chapter investigates the mechanisms through which state capacity developed under colonial rulers was maintained or undermined during the first decade after independence in South Korea, Taiwan, India, and Singapore. All of these countries maintained their colonial civil service after independence, but the penetration of the civil service to local levels of government was much higher in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore than in India. South Korea, Taiwan, and India also had more well-qualified locals to replace departing British officials. Finally, the professionalism of the civil service in India was significantly undermined by patronage and the reservation system for certain ethnic and caste groups. Finally, I show that state capacity established after independence also strongly affected development outcomes in Latin America, the only large region in the developing world where most states were already independent by the early 20th century. Latin American states today show considerable variation in GDP and HDI levels. This chapter demonstrates that this variation can likewise be traced to a significant divergence in the levels of state capacity achieved by these states in the early 20th century. By the early 20th century, some Latin American states had achieved more state capacity than others, but significant investment in mass welfare of citizens had not yet occurred. Yet state capacity in early 20th-century Latin America is a strong determinant of levels of health and education in the present day. In addition, there is no relationship between the years that a state was ruled by a democratic or leftist regime, and its modern-day economic development, or its modern-day levels of health and education.
State Building In Latin America
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Author : Hillel David Soifer
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2015-06-09
State Building In Latin America written by Hillel David Soifer and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-09 with Political Science categories.
State Building in Latin America explores why some countries in the region developed effective governance, while others did not. The argument focuses on political ideas, economic geography, public administration, to account for the development of public primary education, taxation, and military mobilization in Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru.
Global Trends 2040
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Author : National Intelligence Council
language : en
Publisher: Cosimo Reports
Release Date : 2021-03
Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and has been published by Cosimo Reports this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03 with categories.
"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
States In The Developing World
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Author : Miguel A. Centeno
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-02-27
States In The Developing World written by Miguel A. Centeno and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-27 with Business & Economics categories.
An exploration of how states address the often conflicting challenges of development, order, and inclusion.
Colonial Legacies
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Author : Anne E. Booth
language : en
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
Release Date : 2018-03-31
Colonial Legacies written by Anne E. Booth and has been published by University of Hawaii Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-31 with History categories.
It is well known that Taiwan and South Korea, both former Japanese colonies, achieved rapid growth and industrialization after 1960. The performance of former European and American colonies (Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) has been less impressive. Some scholars have attributed the difference to better infrastructure and greater access to education in Japan’s colonies. Anne Booth examines and critiques such arguments in this ambitious comparative study of economic development in East and Southeast Asia from the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1960s. Booth takes an in-depth look at the nature and consequences of colonial policies for a wide range of factors, including the growth of export-oriented agriculture and the development of manufacturing industry. She evaluates the impact of colonial policies on the growth and diversification of the market economy and on the welfare of indigenous populations. Indicators such as educational enrollments, infant mortality rates, and crude death rates are used to compare living standards across East and Southeast Asia in the 1930s. Her analysis of the impact that Japan’s Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere and later invasion and conquest had on the region and the living standards of its people leads to a discussion of the painful and protracted transition to independence following Japan’s defeat. Throughout Booth emphasizes the great variety of economic and social policies pursued by the various colonial governments and the diversity of outcomes. Lucidly and accessibly written, Colonial Legacies offers a balanced and elegantly nuanced exploration of a complex historical reality. It will be a lasting contribution to scholarship on the modern economic history of East and Southeast Asia and of special interest to those concerned with the dynamics of development and the history of colonial regimes. An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched, a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open-access version of this book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which means that the work may be freely downloaded and shared for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require permission from the publisher.
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997-01
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-01 with categories.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Understanding Institutional Weakness
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Author : Daniel M. Brinks
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-06-27
Understanding Institutional Weakness written by Daniel M. Brinks and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-27 with Political Science categories.
This Element introduces the concept of institutional weakness, arguing that weakness or strength is a function of the extent to which an institution actually matters to social, economic or political outcomes. It then presents a typology of three forms of institutional weakness: insignificance, in which rules are complied with but do not affect the way actors behave; non-compliance, in which state elites either choose not to enforce the rules or fail to gain societal cooperation with them; and instability, in which the rules are changed at an unusually high rate. The Element then examines the sources of institutional weakness.
The Politics Of Institutional Weakness In Latin America
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Author : Daniel M. Brinks
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-11
The Politics Of Institutional Weakness In Latin America written by Daniel M. Brinks and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-11 with History categories.
Rather than an unintended by-product of poor state capacity, weak political and legal institutions are often weak by design.
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986-04
Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986-04 with categories.
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Fiscal Capacity And The Colonial State In Asia And Africa C 1850 1960
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Author : Ewout Frankema
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-12-05
Fiscal Capacity And The Colonial State In Asia And Africa C 1850 1960 written by Ewout Frankema and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-05 with Business & Economics categories.
How colonial governments in Asia and Africa financed their activities and why fiscal systems varied across colonies reveals the nature and long-term effects of colonial rule.