The Origins Of Bone Tool Technologies
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The Origins Of Bone Tool Technologies
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Author : Jarod M. Hutson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018-11-29
The Origins Of Bone Tool Technologies written by Jarod M. Hutson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-29 with categories.
This volume is a collection of papers from the conference titled ?Retouching the Palaeolithic: Becoming Human and the Origins of Bone Tool Technology? held in October 2015 at Schloss Herrenhausen in Hannover, Germany. With major funding from the Volkswagen Foundation?s Symposia and Summer School initiative, the conference brought together an international group of scientists from an array of research backgrounds to explore the origins and development of bone tool technologies in prehistory, speci?cally retouchers, compressors and percussors used in various lithic knapping activities. The diverse conference attendance generated an assortment of perspectives on bone tool use covering western Europe to the Levant, from the Lower Palaeolithic to Neolithic times. Collectively, these papers provide an overview on how the integration of bone tools with other Palaeolithic technologies in? uenced human subsistence and other socio-economic behaviours over time and space. In the end, this volume is not just about bone tools. Rather, this compilation is intended to stimulate broader ideas on technology and innovation, for the ability and desire to create new tools truly lies at the core of what makes us human.
Retouching The Palaeolithic
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Retouching The Palaeolithic written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Bones As Tools
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Author : Christian Gates St. Pierre
language : en
Publisher: British Archaeological Reports Oxford Limited
Release Date : 2007
Bones As Tools written by Christian Gates St. Pierre and has been published by British Archaeological Reports Oxford Limited this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with History categories.
The papers in this volume were originally collected for a symposium entitled Recent Developments in Bone Tool Studies, organized for the 69th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology held in Montreal (Canada) on April 2nd, 2004. The objective of the symposium was to illustrate how recent developments in approaches, methods and techniques in worked bone studies can contribute to our understanding of basic problems encountered in archaeological research, with case studies from Europe and North America essentially, but also from Latin America and Oceania.
Swartkrans
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Author : Charles Kimberlin Brain
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Swartkrans written by Charles Kimberlin Brain and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Animal remains (Archaeology) categories.
From Tools To Symbols
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Author : Francesco d’Errico
language : en
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date : 2005-06-01
From Tools To Symbols written by Francesco d’Errico and has been published by NYU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-06-01 with Social Science categories.
A number of researchers have tried to characterise the anatomy and behavioural systems of early hominid and early modern human populations in an attempt to understand how we became what we are. Can archaeology, palaeo-anthropology and genetics tell us how and when human cultures developed the traits that make our societies different from those of our closest living relatives? In which cases are these differences substantial, and when do they simply reflect our definitions of culture, species, the image we have of their evolution or of ourselves? From Tools to Symbols, a collection of twenty-seven selected papers from a South African-French conference organised in honour of the well-known palaeo-anthropologist Phillip Tobias, provides a multidisciplinary overview of this field of study. It is based on collaborative research conducted in sub-Saharan Africa by South African, French, American and German scholars in the last twenty years, and represents an excellent synthesis of the palaeontological and archaeological evidence of the last five million years of human evolution.
Making Silent Stones Speak
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Author : Kathy D. Schick
language : en
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
Release Date : 1994-02-03
Making Silent Stones Speak written by Kathy D. Schick and has been published by Simon and Schuster this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-02-03 with Science categories.
In this dramatic reconstruction of the daily lives of the earliest tool-making humans, two leading anthropologists reveal how the first technologies-- stone, wood, and bone tools-- forever changed the course of human evolution. Drawing on two decades of fieldwork around the world, authors Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth take readers on an eye-opening journey into humankind's distant past-- traveling from the savannahs of East Africa to the plains of northern China and the mountains of New Guinea-- offering a behind-the-scenes look at the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of early prehistoric sites. Based on the authors' unique mix of archaeology and practical experiments, ranging from making their own stone tools to theorizing about the origins of human intelligence, "Making Silent Stones Speak" brings the latest ideas about human evolution to life.
Osseous Projectile Weaponry
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Author : Michelle C. Langley
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-01-27
Osseous Projectile Weaponry written by Michelle C. Langley and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-27 with Social Science categories.
This volume presents the current state of knowledge on the osseous projectile weaponry that was produced by Pleistocene cultures across the globe. Through cross-cultural and temporal comparison of manufacturing methods, design, use methods, and associated technology, chapters in this volume identify and discuss differences and similarities between these Pleistocene cultures. The central research questions addressed in this volume include: (a) how did osseous weaponry technology develop and change through time and can these changes be tied to environmental and/or social influences?; (b) how did different Pleistocene cultures design and adapt their osseous weaponry technology to their environment as well as changes in that environment?; and (c) can we identify cultural interaction between neighboring groups through the analysis of osseous weapons technology — and if so — can we use these items to track the movement of peoples and/or ideas across the landscape? Through addressing these three central research questions, this volume creates an integrated understanding of osseous technology during a vital period in Modern Human cultural development which will be useful for students and advanced researchers alike.
The Middle Paleolithic Lissoirs Smoothers From Abri Peyrony And Pech De L Az I
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Author : Naomi Lilyanna Martisius
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
The Middle Paleolithic Lissoirs Smoothers From Abri Peyrony And Pech De L Az I written by Naomi Lilyanna Martisius and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
A key focus of Paleolithic archaeological and anthropological research is the study of the origin of modern human behaviors, including cognitive and behavioral similarities and differences between our species (Homo sapiens) and our closest relative, the Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis). Although some evidence suggests that the various Mid-Late Pleistocene hominin groups exhibited similar behaviors, Homo sapiens populations around 50,000 years ago quickly expanded their behavioral diversity. Ultimately, this group replaced Neandertals, though the mechanisms behind Neandertal extinction remain a subject of continued debate. The study of artifact types shared by both human groups can provide an independent line of evidence that contributes to discussions of the nature of behavior related to technology, the relationship between both groups, and even the replacement of Neandertals (associated with the Middle Paleolithic) by Upper Paleolithic humans. Specifically, I focus on a standardized formal bone tool type called lissoir, a French typological term meaning “smoother”. Recently, five nearly identical shaped and worn rib fragments interpreted to be lissoirs, have been found in three separate archaeological deposits at two late Middle Paleolithic sites in southwest France. Prior to this discovery, this tool type was thought to be restricted to Upper Paleolithic and more recent humans. Here, I consider the implications for standardized formal bone tool technology in association with Neandertals and compare lissoirs through complementary approaches using ZooArchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS), zooarchaeology, confocal microscopy, 3D surface texture analysis, Bayesian statistics, and use-wear analysis on both macro- and microscopic scales. Chapter 1 provides a more detailed discussion of the implications for lissoir technology in association with Neandertals. This discussion is placed in the context of a review on Paleolithic bone technology throughout human evolution. In Chapter 2, ZooMS is applied to the five Middle Paleolithic lissoirs. An innovative non-destructive technique is used to test collagen on the surfaces of containers that held archaeological specimens. Four of the five samples produce taxonomic identifications, indicating that these lissoirs were produced on aurochs or bison (Bos sp./Bison sp.) ribs. These results have implications for Neandertal selection and curation of these tools, given that a standard element and species were chosen across two stratigraphic levels with differing faunal compositions, including one with few elements attributed to Bos sp./Bison sp. Selection of large bovid ribs for making lissoirs likely reflects Neandertal knowledge of the properties of bone as a raw material. Chapter 3 introduces an innovative quantitative methodology for studying use-wear on bone tools using confocal microscopy and 3D surface texture analysis. A controlled mechanical experiment is employed to produce standardized traces from three materials (fresh skin, leather, dry bark) beginning from three manufacturing states (unmodified, scraped with flint, ground with sandstone). I use a multivariate Bayesian model to explain changes to the bone surfaces over time. The model shows that duration of use is an important factor affecting the transformation of the bone’s surface and that material type affects the rate of bone alteration, but does not always produce distinguishing traces. These results have implications for determining tool function. Chapter 4 implements the methods from Chapter 3 but applies them to archaeological material. I compare surface texture characteristics of the five Middle Paleolithic lissoirs to those from unworked rib fragments preserved in the same assemblages. Results show that several of the surface texture parameters can distinguish between the two surface types. Lissoir surfaces tend to be less rough, have more rounded surface peaks, and exhibit more directionally oriented surfaces due to anthropogenic modifications. This study indicates that confocal microscopy and 3D surface texture analysis have the potential to quantify bone artifact use-wear traces and contribute to our understanding of Paleolithic bone artifacts and ancient human behavior. In Chapter 5, I apply established qualitative macro- and microscopic methods to assess the technological variability of Middle and Upper Paleolithic lissoirs. The Upper Paleolithic lissoirs show variability with most tools made on split ribs. Conversely, Middle Paleolithic tools were made on unsplit ribs, a type represented in the Upper Paleolithic at about 9%. Techniques for shaping are consistent between Middle and Upper Paleolithic lissoirs and includes scraping and grinding. Material wear is similar and suggests use on a soft, supple material such as an animal skin. Results indicate that Middle and Upper Paleolithic lissoirs were used in similar ways, but manufacturing procedures were sometimes different. Middle Paleolithic lissoirs are expediently made with little investment in the production process, while Upper Paleolithic lissoirs are often highly processed. These findings indicate that both groups transformed various animal products into technical objects as part of a broader strategy. This analysis provides insight into a suite of behaviors shared by Neandertals and Upper Paleolithic humans and lends nuance to our understanding of the behavioral diversity in Paleolithic human groups. Chapter 6 provides directions for future research and concluding remarks.
The Origins Of Europeans And Their Pre Historic Innovations From 6 Million To 10 000 Bce
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Author : Neil Harrison
language : en
Publisher: Algora Publishing
Release Date : 2019-05-01
The Origins Of Europeans And Their Pre Historic Innovations From 6 Million To 10 000 Bce written by Neil Harrison and has been published by Algora Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-01 with Social Science categories.
Who are we and where on earth do we come from? Scientists have traced back human ancestry to tropical Africa and small primates living in trees. But what happened after that has been hotly debated, and the accepted explanations have led down blind alleys. By putting aside theories anchored in religion and perceived political imperatives anchored in post-World War II guilt, we can hope to obtain a more accurate understanding of human origins. That is the goal of this book. The story starts 6 million years ago, when the small and timid animal that was our forerunner (and the chimpanzee’s) still existed. The narrative follows the evolution of our ancestors from then, through their great achievements, such as learning to walk on two legs, finding a profitable use for the two hands, learning to communicate and then actually talk. As our tools evolved, so did our bodies. Then 1.8 million years ago, some of these early ‘people’ strayed into Europe, surviving in a freezing world and encountering challenges hitherto unknown. This is the incredible story of how Europeans evolved and populated Eurasia and onwards to the Americas. The story brings the reader to the Mesolithic when cultures, towns and trades that we are familiar with today started to emerge. Anyone interested in European, Eurasian or Native American ancestry should read this book to discover how we really came to be who we are: a story as gripping as traditional versions such as Adam and Eve, Popul Vuh and Gaia.
Encyclopaedia Of The History Of Science Technology And Medicine In Non Western Cultures
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Author : Helaine Selin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-03-12
Encyclopaedia Of The History Of Science Technology And Medicine In Non Western Cultures written by Helaine Selin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-03-12 with Science categories.
Here, at last, is the massively updated and augmented second edition of this landmark encyclopedia. It contains approximately 1000 entries dealing in depth with the history of the scientific, technological and medical accomplishments of cultures outside of the United States and Europe. The entries consist of fully updated articles together with hundreds of entirely new topics. This unique reference work includes intercultural articles on broad topics such as mathematics and astronomy as well as thoughtful philosophical articles on concepts and ideas related to the study of non-Western Science, such as rationality, objectivity, and method. You’ll also find material on religion and science, East and West, and magic and science.