The Rise And Fall Of Brazilian Inequality
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The Rise And Fall Of Brazilian Inequality 1981 2004
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Author : Phillippe George Leite
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006
The Rise And Fall Of Brazilian Inequality 1981 2004 written by Phillippe George Leite and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Desigualdad economica - Brasil categories.
"Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site.
The Rise And Fall Of Brazilian Inequality 1981 2004
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Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
The Rise And Fall Of Brazilian Inequality 1981 2004 written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction.
Inequality In Brazil A Regional Perspective
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Author : Carlos Góes
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-10-31
Inequality In Brazil A Regional Perspective written by Carlos Góes and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-31 with Business & Economics categories.
In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households’ survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for spatial price differences using information on households’ rental prices available in the survey. In a panel regression framework, we find that labor income growth, formalization, and schooling contributed to the decline in inequality during 2004-14, but redistributive policies, such as Bolsa Família, have also played a positive role. Going forward, it will be important to phase out untargeted subsidies, such as public spending on tertiary education, and contain growth of public sector wages, to improve budgetary efficiency and protect gains in equality.
Paths Of Inequality In Brazil
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Author : Marta Arretche
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-07-04
Paths Of Inequality In Brazil written by Marta Arretche and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-04 with Social Science categories.
This book presents multidisciplinary analyses of the historical trajectories of social and economic inequalities in Brazil over the last 50 years. As one of the most unequal countries in the world, Brazil has always been an important case study for scholars interested in inequality research, but in the last few decades has brought a new phenomenon to renew researchers’ interest in the country. While the majority of democracies in the developed world have witnessed an increase in income inequality from the 1970s on, Brazil has followed the opposite path, registering a significant reduction of income inequality over the last 30 years. Bringing together studies carried out by experts from different areas, such as economists, sociologists, demographers and political scientists, this volume presents insights based on rigorous analyses of statistical data in an effort to explain the long term changes in social and economic inequalities in Brazil. The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing the relations between income inequality and different dimensions of social life, such as education, health, political participation, public policies, demographics and labor market. All of this makes Paths of Inequality in Brazil – A Half-Century of Change a very valuable resource for social scientists interested in inequality research in general, and especially for sociologists, political scientists and economists interested in the social and economic changes that Brazil went through over the last two decades.
Inequality And Economic Development In Brazil
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2004-01-01
Inequality And Economic Development In Brazil written by and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
What makes Brazil so unequal? This title looks at this question and shows how inequalities weaken Brazil's economic development and what are the best policy options to reduce this inequity.
Declining Inequality In Latin America
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Author : Luis Felipe Lopez-Calva
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2010-08-01
Declining Inequality In Latin America written by Luis Felipe Lopez-Calva and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-01 with Business & Economics categories.
A Brookings Institution Press and United Nations Development Programme publication Latin America is often singled out for its high and persistent income inequality. Toward the end of the 1990s, however, income concentration began to fall across the region. Of the seventeen countries for which comparable data are available, twelve have experienced a decline, particularly since 2000. This book is among the first efforts to understand what happened in these countries and why. Led by editors Felipe López-Calva and Nora Lustig, a panel of distinguished economists undertakes in-depth analyses of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. In addition, they provide essential background in the form of overviews of the relationship between markets and inequality, the political economy of redistribution, and the evolution of income inequality in the advanced industrialized economies. Two factors account for much of the decline in inequality: a decrease in the wage gap between skilled and low-skilled labor, and an increase in government transfers targeted to the poor. Thanks to the timeliness and sophistication of these essays, Declining Inequality in Latin America is likely to become a standard reference in its field.
Firms And The Decline In Earnings Inequality In Brazil
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Author : Jorge Alvarez
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-12-14
Firms And The Decline In Earnings Inequality In Brazil written by Jorge Alvarez and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-14 with Business & Economics categories.
We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
Inequality Democracy And Growth In Brazil
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Author : Marcos Mendes
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2014-11-19
Inequality Democracy And Growth In Brazil written by Marcos Mendes and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-19 with Business & Economics categories.
In terms accessible to non-economists, Marcos José Mendes describes the ways democracy and inequality produce low growth in the short and medium terms. In the longer term, he argues that Brazil has two paths in front of it. One is to create the conditions necessary to boost economic performance and drive the country toward a high level of development. The other is to fail in untying the political knot that blocks growth, leaving it a middle-income country. The source of his contrasting futures for Brazil is inequality, which he demonstrates is a relevant variable in any discussion of economic growth. Inequality illuminates causes of seemingly-unconnected problems. This book, which includes freely-accessible documents and datasets, is the first in-depth analysis of an issue that promises to become increasingly prominent. Contrasting visions of Brazil’s future described in economic terms Easy-to-understand graphs and tables illustrate analytical arguments All Excel-based data available on a freely-accessible website
Growth And Inequality
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Author : Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-11-08
Growth And Inequality written by Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Examines inequality in overall distributions of income and expenditure, and disparities across gender, region, caste, race, and access to education.
Welfare Inequality And Resource Depletion
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Author : Mariano Torras
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2019-10-28
Welfare Inequality And Resource Depletion written by Mariano Torras and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-28 with Business & Economics categories.
This book breaks new ground by accounting for the welfare implications of both severe inequality and environmental degradation and developing a sustainable development indicator that incorporates changes over time in each of these dimensions. The model is applied to data from Brazil spanning the 1965 -1998 period. The book's findings cast significant doubt on the proposition that rapid economic growth in Brazil has resulted in comparable welfare gains. The evidence presented more generally illustrates the often unsustainable nature of rapid GDP growth phases, as well as the general unreliability of GDP growth as an indicator of well-being improvement. The specific policy implication is that Brazil should discontinue - or at least severely curtail - the regressive and resource intensive economic policies it has followed in recent decades in the interest of welfare improvement not only for the poorer groups in society, but for future generations of Brazilians as well.