The Trojan War Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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The Trojan War Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015
The Trojan War Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with History categories.
The Trojan War is the foundation of Greek history. If Greek historians had little doubt of its existence they remained extremely sceptical regarding its mythological origin. Archaeology has confirmed one essential point: there was indeed a general conflagration in the Greek world around 1200 BCE, the assumed period of that war, which caused the disappearance of two powerful empires: Mycenaean on one hand and Hittite with its vassals on the other hand. The inscriptions of Ramses III's year 8 describe actually a general invasion of the Mediterranean by the "Sea Peoples". A precise chronological reconstruction shows that there was a confrontation between a Greek heterogeneous confederation, consisting of pirates, and a set of vassal kingdoms of the Hittite empire, such as Troy and Ugarit, which ended with their complete mutual destruction in 1185 BCE, the climax of the Trojan War. This conclusion was already that of Eratosthenes.
80 Old Testament Characters Of World History Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2016-02-27
80 Old Testament Characters Of World History Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-27 with History categories.
Despite the fact that the name of many characters mentioned in the Old Testament, like David, King of Israel, have been recently confirmed by archaeology as well as their epoch and the events in which they were involved, most archaeologists continue to deny the historicity of the Bible they view as pious fiction or a mythical account. They argue that the major events in the Bible such as the victory of Abraham against Chedorlaomer, an unknown king of Elam around 2000 BCE, the victory of Moses against an unknown Pharaoh around 1500 BCE or the victory of Esther, an unknown Persian Queen, against an unknown vizier of Xerxes, never existed because they left absolutely no evidence. They also explain that according to what we know today, these events could not have occurred. These logical arguments are impressive but a precise chronological analysis based on absolute dates, coupled with a rigorous historical investigation, shows that all those major events really took place at the dates and places indicated.
Kings David And Solomon Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015
Kings David And Solomon Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with History categories.
The David and Solomon's kingdoms are no longer considered as historical by minimalist archaeologists. According to Finkelstein and Silberman, for example, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, at the time of the kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was populated by only a few hundred residents or less. Some Biblical minimalists like Thompson go further, arguing that Jerusalem became a city and capable of being a state capital only in the mid-seventh century. Likewise, Finkelstein and others consider the claimed size of Solomon's temple implausible. A review of methods and arguments used by these minimalists shows that they are impostors for writing history. The historical testimonies dated by a chronology anchored on absolute dates (backbone of history) are replaced by archaeological remains dated by carbon-14 (backbone of modern myths). The goal of these unfounded claims is clearly the charring of biblical accounts.
Noah And The Deluge Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015-10-19
Noah And The Deluge Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-19 with History categories.
Historians consider the biblical account of Noah and the Deluge as a myth. However, this famous event occurred at the earliest times of recorded history (Sumerian King List). Today scientists believe in the last ice age called Pleistocene ending in 10,000 BCE, but there is no witness of this planetary cataclysmic event and its existence is based solely on the controversial interpretation of its consequences and their dating. The existence of erratic blocks and the disappearance of mammoths are presented as evidence of the last glaciation. However, despite dating obtained by 14C (calibrated by dendrochronology) is considered absolute by most experts its confrontation with the Egyptian chronology, in which some dates are fixed by astronomy, reverses this widespread belief and shows that dates obtained by 14C increase exponentially before -2200. Thus the rate of 14C tends gradually to 0 around -3500, which implies an important consequence: before -3500, 14C dating is no longer possible.
The Trojan War A Very Short Introduction
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Author : Eric H. Cline
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-12
The Trojan War A Very Short Introduction written by Eric H. Cline and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-12 with History categories.
The Iliad, Homer's epic tale of the abduction of Helen and the decade-long Trojan War, has fascinated mankind for millennia. Even today, the war inspires countless articles and books, extensive archaeological excavations, movies, television documentaries, even souvenirs and collectibles. But while the ancients themselves believed that the Trojan War took place, scholars of the modern era have sometimes derided it as a piece of fiction. Combining archaeological data and textual analysis of ancient documents, this Very Short Introduction considers whether or not the war actually took place and whether archaeologists have really discovered the site of ancient Troy. To answer these questions, archaeologist and ancient historian Eric H. Cline examines various written sources, including the works of Homer, the Epic Cycle (fragments from other, now-lost Greek epics), classical plays, and Virgil's Aeneid. Throughout, the author tests the literary claims against the best modern archaeological evidence, showing for instance that Homer, who lived in the Iron Age, for the most part depicted Bronze Age warfare with accuracy. Cline also tells the engaging story of the archaeologists--Heinrich Schliemann and his successors Wilhelm Dörpfeld, Carl Blegen, and Manfred Korfmann--who found the long-vanished site of Troy through excavations at Hisarlik, Turkey. Drawing on evidence found at Hisarlik and elsewhere, Cline concludes that a war or wars in the vicinity of Troy probably did take place during the Late Bronze Age, forming the nucleus of a story that was handed down orally for centuries until put into final form by Homer. But Cline suggests that, even allowing that a Trojan War took place, it probably was not fought because of Helen's abduction, though such an incident may have provided the justification for a war actually fought for more compelling economic and political motives. About the Series: Oxford's Very Short Introductions series offers concise and original introductions to a wide range of subjects--from Islam to Sociology, Politics to Classics, Literary Theory to History, and Archaeology to the Bible. Not simply a textbook of definitions, each volume in this series provides trenchant and provocative--yet always balanced and complete--discussions of the central issues in a given discipline or field. Every Very Short Introduction gives a readable evolution of the subject in question, demonstrating how the subject has developed and how it has influenced society. Eventually, the series will encompass every major academic discipline, offering all students an accessible and abundant reference library. Whatever the area of study that one deems important or appealing, whatever the topic that fascinates the general reader, the Very Short Introductions series has a handy and affordable guide that will likely prove indispensable.
Jonah Vs King Of Nineveh Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015-11-14
Jonah Vs King Of Nineveh Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-14 with History categories.
Historians consider the Biblical account of Jonah's warning against Nineveh as pious fiction, but the Gospels refer to it as a real story (Lk 11:29-32). The book of Jonah, despite its brevity, gives some verifiable information regarding Nineveh, a very old city, which disappeared completely after its destruction in 612 BCE. The dimensions mentioned seem colossal, however they do agree with the accounts of Herodotus, Diodorus and Strabo. Jonah's mission coincided with Jeroboam II's accession (2 Ki 14:23-25) and Shalmaneser III's death in 824 BCE who had previously commissioned Shamshi-Adad V as new Crown prince to quell the revolt headed by his brother Assur-danin-pal, who had headed 27 cities including the renowned Nineveh. Jonah's mission was therefore a success since Assyrian expansionism to the Mediterranean coast would cease, at least for 80 years.
Moses And The Exodus Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015
Moses And The Exodus Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with History categories.
The existence Moses as well as the Exodus is a crucial question because, according to the Bible, the character related to that famous event forms the basis of the Passover which meant the Promised Land for Jews and later the Paradise for Christians. However, according to most Egyptologists, there is absolutely no evidence of Moses and the Exodus in Egyptian documents, which leads them to conclude that the whole biblical story is a myth written for gullible people. However, according to Egyptian accounts the last king of the 15th dynasty named Apopi, “very pretty”, which was Moses' birth name (Ex 2:2), reigned 40 years in Egypt (1613-1573) and met Seqenenre Taa, 40 years later, the last pharaoh of the 17th dynasty who died in May 1533 BCE in dramatic and unclear circumstances (Ps 136:15). The state of his mummy proves that his body received severe injuries and remained abandoned for several days before being mummified. The eldest son of Seqenenre Taa, Ahmose Sapaïr, who was crown prince died in a dramatic and unexplained way shortly before his father (Ex 12:29). Prince Kamose, Seqenenre Taa's brother, assured interim of authority for 3 years and threatened attack the former pharaoh Apopi, new prince of Retenu (Palestine) who took the name Moses, according to Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian. In the stele of the Tempest, Kamose also blames Apopi for all the disasters that come to fall upon Egypt, which caused many deaths. Ironically, those who believe Egyptologists are actually the real gullible ones
Abraham And Chedorlaomer Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence
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Author : Gerard Gertoux
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2015-09-14
Abraham And Chedorlaomer Chronological Historical And Archaeological Evidence written by Gerard Gertoux and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-14 with History categories.
Historians consider the biblical account about Chedorlaomer's campaign against Sodom (1954 BCE) as a pious fiction. However, the Gospels refer to it as a real story (Heb 7:1) and a chronological reconstruction based on synchronisms shows that, among dynasties from Sumerian lists, the 3rd and last Elamite king of the Awan I dynasty was Kudur-Lagamar (1990-1954). The Spartoli tablets (c. 650 BCE) describe this famous attack of Babylonia by a coalition of evil kings named Kudur-KUKUmal, king of Elam, Tudḫula, king of Gutium, and Eri-Aku [king of Larsa]. The route of Chedorlaomer and the description of his actions show that this king came to this region near Egypt in order to maintain control over this new land trade route. This ambitious project had to have worried Amenemhat I because southern Canaan was a big source of supply. In order to protect Egypt, Amenemhat I built the "Walls of the Ruler". One can notice that the area of Sodom was called Sutu[m] in execration texts (then Moab after 1800 BCE).
1180s Bc
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Author : Tawanda Hopkins
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012-05-08
1180s Bc written by Tawanda Hopkins and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-08 with Mathematics categories.
What's so special about Trojan War?In this new, compelling book from author Tawanda Hopkins, find out more about Trojan War ...In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are contained in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern day Italy.The ancient Greeks thought that the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern-day Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times, both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a local site that he had identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194???1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa.So, what seperates this book from the rest?A comprehensive narrative of Trojan War, this book gives a full understanding of the subject.A brief guide of subject areas covered in "1180s BC - Trojan War" include -- Trojan War- Judgement of Paris- Iliad- Trojan Horse- Returns from Troy- Odyssey- Telegony- The Aeneid- Historicity of the Iliad- Trojan War in popular cultureFind out more of this subject, it's intricacies and it's nuances. Discover more about it's importance. Develop a level of understanding required to comprehend this fascinating concept.Author Tawanda Hopkins has worked hard researching and compiling this fundamental work, and is proud to bring you "1180s BC - Trojan War" ...Read this book today ...
Gods Heroes And Tyrants
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Author : Emmet John Sweeney
language : en
Publisher: Algora Publishing
Release Date : 2009
Gods Heroes And Tyrants written by Emmet John Sweeney and has been published by Algora Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Greece categories.
Early Greek history as found in the textbooks leaves spurious "dark age" gaps where the evidence fails to match historians' fixed ideas. Dramatic claims regarding everything from the Trojan War to the "Mask of Agamemnon" are argued in detail from both an archaeological and a literary perspective, unraveling historical conundrums that have stumped classicists for generations.