The Yeast Nucleus
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The Yeast Nucleus
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Author : Peter Fantes
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2000
The Yeast Nucleus written by Peter Fantes and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Medical categories.
This volume is concerned with the various nuclear activities of two yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both are excellent models for higher eukaryotes, including humans.
The Yeast Nucleus Ultrastructural Organization And Biosynthesis
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Author : Wolter Wachter Sillevis Smitt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1970
The Yeast Nucleus Ultrastructural Organization And Biosynthesis written by Wolter Wachter Sillevis Smitt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1970 with categories.
The Yeast Nucleus
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Author : Wolter Wachter Sillevis Smitt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971
The Yeast Nucleus written by Wolter Wachter Sillevis Smitt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Cell nuclei categories.
The Nucleus Of The Yeast Plant
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1898
The Nucleus Of The Yeast Plant written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1898 with categories.
Studies On The Structural Organization Of The Yeast Nucleus Using Em In Situ Hybridization
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Author : Nadja Dvorkin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992
Studies On The Structural Organization Of The Yeast Nucleus Using Em In Situ Hybridization written by Nadja Dvorkin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with categories.
Studies On Mrna Processing And Export From The Yeast Nucleus
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Author : Ken William Dower
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Studies On Mrna Processing And Export From The Yeast Nucleus written by Ken William Dower and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Messenger RNA. categories.
The Yeast Polo Kinase Cdc5 Regulates The Shape Of The Mitotic Nucleus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Yeast Polo Kinase Cdc5 Regulates The Shape Of The Mitotic Nucleus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Abnormal nuclear size and shape are hallmarks of aging and cancer. However, the mechanisms regulating nuclear morphology and nuclear envelope (NE) expansion are poorly understood. In metazoans, the NE disassembles prior to chromosome segregation and reassembles at the end of mitosis. In budding yeast, the NE remains intact. The nucleus elongates as chromosomes segregate and then divides at the end of mitosis to form two daughter nuclei without NE disassembly. The budding yeast nucleus also undergoes remodeling during a mitotic arrest; the NE continues to expand despite the pause in chromosome segregation, forming a nuclear extension, or "flare," that encompasses the nucleolus. The distinct nucleolar localization of the mitotic flare indicates that the NE is compartmentalized and that there is a mechanism by which NE expansion is confined to the region adjacent to the nucleolus. Here we show that mitotic flare formation is dependent on the yeast polo kinase Cdc5. This function of Cdc5 is independent of its known mitotic roles, including rDNA condensation. High-resolution imaging revealed that following Cdc5 inactivation, nuclei expand isometrically rather than forming a flare, indicating that Cdc5 is needed for NE compartmentalization. Lastly, even in an uninterrupted cell cycle, a small NE expansion occurs adjacent to the nucleolus prior to anaphase in a Cdc5-dependent manner. Our data provide the first evidence that polo kinase, a key regulator of mitosis, plays a role in regulating nuclear morphology and NE expansion.
New Tools And Approaches For Studying The Role Of The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Phosphatidylinositol 4 Kinase Pik1 In The Yeast Nucleus
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Author : Evguenia S. Klimenko
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
New Tools And Approaches For Studying The Role Of The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Phosphatidylinositol 4 Kinase Pik1 In The Yeast Nucleus written by Evguenia S. Klimenko and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Abstract New Tools and Approaches for Studying the Role of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase Pik1 in the Yeast Nucleus by Evguenia S. Klimenko Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Jeremy W. Thorner, Chair Phosphoinositides are a specialized type of glycerophospholipids found in all eukaryotes and their levels undergo dynamic temporal and spatial changes mediated by the actions of dedicated phosphatidylinositol kinases, phosphatases, and lipases. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes two distinct Type III PtdIns 4-kinases that share sequence homology to each other: PIK1 and STT4. Together, Pik1 and Stt4 account for synthesis of more than 90% of the PtdIns4P detectable in yeast extracts, each is essential for viability, and the inactivation of either Pik1 or Stt4 via conditional alleles results in distinct non-overlapping phenotypes. It is thought that the independent functions of Pik1 and Stt4 result from their localization to specific cellular compartments. In the budding yeast, Stt4 localizes exclusively to the plasma membrane, whereas Pik1 localizes primarily to the Golgi body, but is also found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. For the first part of my dissertation research (Chapter 3), I have characterized a novel potential specific inhibitor of Pik1. Compound ST016598, dubbed optimistically "pikostatin", specifically inhibits the growth of cells with reduced dosage of PIK1, without affecting Pik1 stability, in vivo protein-protein interactions, or localization of fluorescently-tagged Pik1. Although ST016598 (pikostatin) is only a weak inhibitor of the lipid kinase activity of Pik1 in vitro, pikostatin treatment nevertheless results in a specific, rapid, and reversible depletion of the Pik1-dependent Golgi body-specific pool of PtdIns4P, without affecting the separate pool of PtdIns4P created at the plasma membrane by Stt4. I also found that a subset of pik1ts alleles exhibit hypersensitivity to pikostatin even under permissive conditions, with subsequent implications for the mechanism by which pikostatin might inhibit Pik1 activity at the Golgi body. Previous work from this lab used two differentially-localized Pik1 constructs to demonstrate that localization of Pik1 both to the Golgi and to the nucleus is required for viability. However, so far, no attempts have been made to separate the function of Pik1 in the nucleus from its now well-characterized essential function in the Golgi compartment. For the second part of my dissertation research (Chapter 4), I have tested directly whether Pik1 is responsible for generating nuclear PtdIns4P that might serve as the precursor for production of a soluble cofactor (InsP6) that is necessary for mRNA export. I also attempted to apply an unbiased genetic selection for dosage suppressors of the lack of nuclear Pik1 as a means to identify potential phosphoinositide- or inositol-polyphosphate-binding effectors in the yeast nucleus.
Biophysical Analysis Of Diffusion Controlled Processes In The Budding Yeast Nucleus
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Author : Lutz Robert Gehlen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Biophysical Analysis Of Diffusion Controlled Processes In The Budding Yeast Nucleus written by Lutz Robert Gehlen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
The Dynamic Organization Of The Yeast Genome
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Author : Ryan Preston Joyner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Dynamic Organization Of The Yeast Genome written by Ryan Preston Joyner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Regardless of size, shape, or function, all cells must rapidly respond to a changing environment, especially in adverse conditions. Various environmental stresses including heat shock, osmotic stress, and nutrient starvation consequently induce dramatic changes in the molecular composition of cellular machinery. Importantly, the cell's adjustment to a new homeostasis is accomplished through a variety of mechanisms, but most predominantly through the regulation of gene expression which is normally thought to function through the interplay of specific transcriptional repressors and activators. Recent evidence suggests, however, that more novel forms of transcriptional regulation may exist, including the repositioning of specific genes to distinct subdomains within the nucleus and through global changes in genome organization. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that such changes may function to supplement more traditional models of transcriptional regulation. Thus, upon environmental stress, cells may dramatically modify global transcriptional programs through a reorganization of their genome, facilitating a more rapid response to an adverse environment. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents a remarkable model for elucidating how the organization of the genome and the repositioning of specific genes may function to regulate gene expression. In yeast, certain cellular stresses are known to stimulate the repositioning of genes within the nucleus and alter the global organization of the genome. Despite considerable research into the dynamic nature of genome organization, however, many questions remain as to the true function of gene positioning and the mechanism(s) by which cells establish specific organizational conformations of the genome. In the following dissertation, I first provide evidence on the function of repositioning a specific gene to the nuclear periphery by examining the consequences of improperly localizing the GAL locus of budding yeast. Next, I describe my attempts to discern the coordinated diffusion of co-regulated genes as well as my findings on the independent movement of loci positioned various distances apart on the same chromosome. Finally, I describe novel findings on the mechanism of chromatin mobility through experiments focused on understanding the biological determinants of intracellular diffusion. Together, my results suggest that chromatin mobility is, in part, actively driven, which may function to facilitate more rapid alterations in genome organization and thus more rapid regulation of gene expression. I first set out to understand the function of repositioning specific genes to distinct locations within the nucleus. In yeast, the GAL locus, comprised of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 and necessary for the metabolism of galactose, re-localizes from a central position of the nucleus when repressed to the nuclear periphery when transcriptionally active. To understand the function of this specific repositioning, I took advantage of mutants in different macromolecular complexes, namely the nuclear pore complex and the SAGA transcriptional complex, which both fail to properly localize the GAL locus. I demonstrate that the GAL locus is negatively regulated at the nuclear periphery as both mutants, when compared to wild- type, displayed massively upregulated transcription of GAL1 upon activation and a distinct lag in repression. Importantly, the increased induction kinetics of GAL1 mRNA is mirrored by increased expression levels of GAL1 protein, suggesting that the over-expressed GAL1 mRNA is functional and that export of the mRNA is not perturbed despite the mislocalization of the GAL locus. In my model, the GAL locus is positioned at the nuclear periphery to facilitate more rapid transcriptional repression when cells encounter their preferred carbon source, glucose. Co-regulated genes may localize to transcriptional complexes known as transcription factories, hypothesized to facilitate more rapid and efficient transcription through colocalization and sequestration of specific transcriptional machinery. Because the GAL locus is known to re-localize at or near nuclear pore complexes upon activation, which may provide a scaffold for such transcriptional machinery, I next sought to observe transcription-induced coordinated diffusion of the two GAL loci within diploid yeast. To do so, I utilized a microscope capable of tracking both uniquely-labeled loci simultaneously using a double-helical point spread function. Although I did not discern evidence of potential transcription factories, I did reveal insights into the flexibility of chromatin by analyzing intrachromosomal loci separated by known distances. Overall, my results suggest that coordinated mobility of distinct loci correlates directly with their distance apart in space, regardless if they are intra or interchromosomal. Finally, I explored the mechanism of chromatin mobility and, thereby, the driving force behind the re-organization of the genome by comparing the diffusion rates of chromatin and other macromolecules in distinct conditions. I began my investigation by starving cells of glucose and determining the effect on macromolecular mobility. Interestingly, both chromatin and mRNPs (messenger ribonucleoprotein particles) display a massive confinement in their mobility in such conditions. The reduction in mobility cannot be explained by a decrease in ATP, but can be replicated through a reduction of intracellular pH. I then show that both glucose starvation and reduction of intracellular pH induce a decrease in cell volume, increasing molecular crowding and reducing macromolecular mobility. Furthermore, I demonstrate a dependence of chromatin mobility on the cytoskeleton as simultaneous treatment with actin and microtubule depolymerizers specifically confines chromatin mobility. Lastly, by uncoupling metabolism and macromolecular mobility I propose that the preservation of an optimal cell volume is signaled independently from the energy status of the cell and discuss implications and future directions of this work.