Thermal Energy Storage For Low Grade Heat And The Organic Rankine Cycle
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Thermal Energy Storage For Low Grade Heat And The Organic Rankine Cycle
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Thermal Energy Storage For Low Grade Heat And The Organic Rankine Cycle written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
Limits of efficiencies cause immense amounts of thermal energy in the form of waste heat to be vented to the atmosphere. Up to 60% of unrecovered waste heat is classified as low or ultra-low quality, making recovery difficult or inefficient. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low temperatures where other thermal cycles are impractical. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the ORC for any target temperature range. San Diego State University has one such experimental ORC using R245fa, and has been experimenting with multiple expanders. One limitation of recovering waste heat is the sporadic or cyclical nature common to its production. This inconsistency makes sizing heat recovery ORC systems difficult for a variety of reasons including off-design-point efficiency loss, increased attrition from varying loads, unreliable outputs, and overall system costs. Thermal energy storage systems can address all of these issues by smoothing the thermal input to a constant and reliable level and providing back-up capacity for times when the thermal input is deactivated. Multiple types of thermal energy storage have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Latent heat storage involves storing thermal energy in the reversible phase change of a phase change material, or PCM, and can have several advantages over other modalities including energy storage density, cost, simplicity, reliability, relatively constant temperature output, and temperature customizability. The largest obstacles to using latent heat storage include heat transfer rates, thermal cycling stability, and potentially corrosive PCMs. Targeting 86°C, the operating temperature of SDSU's experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential PCMs including Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O), Magnesium Nitrate Hexahydrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and PCM characteristics.
Power Generation Technologies For Low Temperature And Distributed Heat
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Author : Christos N. Markides
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 2023-06-13
Power Generation Technologies For Low Temperature And Distributed Heat written by Christos N. Markides and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Power Generation Technologies for Low-Temperature and Distributed Heat presents a systematic and detailed analysis of a wide range of power generation systems for low-temperature (lower than 700-800°C) and distributed heat recovery applications. Each technology presented is reviewed by a well-known specialist to provide the reader with an accurate, insightful and up-to-date understanding of the latest research and knowledge in the field. Technologies are introduced before the fundamental concepts and theoretical technical and economic aspects are discussed, as well as the practical performance expectations. Cutting-edge technical progress, key applications, markets, as well as emerging and future trends are also provided, presenting a multifaceted and complete view of the most suitable technologies. A chapter on various options for thermal and electrical energy storage is also included with practical examples, making this a valuable resource for engineers, researchers, policymakers and engineering students in the fields of thermal energy, distributed power generation systems and renewable and clean energy technology systems. Presents a wide range of power generation technologies based on thermomechanical cycles, membrane technology, thermochemical, thermoelectric, photoelectric and electrochemical effects Explains the fundamental concepts and underlying operation principles in each case, and provides theoretical performance expectations and practical technical and economic characteristics Reviews the cutting-edge technical progress, key applications, markets, emerging and future trends, and includes practical examples of all technologies Details advantages and disadvantages of each technology to allow the reader to make informed decisions of their own for different applications
Advanced Organic Vapor Cycles For Improving Thermal Conversion Efficiency In Renewable Energy Systems
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Author : Tony Ho
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Advanced Organic Vapor Cycles For Improving Thermal Conversion Efficiency In Renewable Energy Systems written by Tony Ho and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) is proposed as a vapor power cycle that could potentially increase power generation and improve the utilization efficiency of renewable energy and waste heat recovery systems. A brief review of current advanced vapor power cycles including the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), the zeotropic Rankine cycle, the Kalina cycle, the transcritical cycle, and the trilateral flash cycle is presented. The premise and motivation for the OFC concept is that essentially by improving temperature matching to the energy reservoir stream during heat addition to the power cycle, less irreversibilities are generated and more power can be produced from a given finite thermal energy reservoir. In this study, modern equations of state explicit in Helmholtz energy such as the BACKONE equations, multi-parameter Span-Wagner equations, and the equations compiled in NIST REFPROP 8.0 were used to accurately determine thermodynamic property data for the working fluids considered. Though these equations of state tend to be significantly more complex than cubic equations both in form and computational schemes, modern Helmholtz equations provide much higher accuracy in the high pressure regions, liquid regions, and two-phase regions and also can be extended to accurately describe complex polar fluids. Calculated values of saturated liquid and vapor density and vapor pressure were then compared to values listed in the NIST Chemistry WebBook to ensure accuracy for the temperature range of interest. Deviations from the NIST WebBook were typically below 1%; a comparison of first law efficiencies for an ideal basic Rankine cycle yielded less than 0.4% difference between calculations using the Helmholtz-explicit equations of state and NIST REFPROP. Also by employing the BACKONE and Span-Wagner equations, the number of potential aromatic hydrocarbon and siloxane working fluids that are appropriate for high and intermediate temperature applications is expanded considerably. A theoretical investigation on the OFC is conducted using the aforementioned Helmholtz-explicit equations of state for 10 different aromatic hydrocarbon and siloxane working fluids for intermediate temperature finite thermal energy reservoirs (3̃00oC). Results showed that aromatic hydrocarbons to be the better suited working fluid for the ORC and OFC due to less "drying" behavior and also smaller turbine volumetric flow ratios resulting in simpler turbine designs. The single flash OFC is shown to achieve utilization efficiencies that are comparable to the optimized basic ORC (0̃.63) which is used as a baseline. It is shown that the advantage of improved temperature matching during heat addition was effectively negated by irreversibilities introduced into the OFC during flash evaporation. Several improvements to the basic OFC are proposed and analyzed such as introducing a secondary flash stage or replacing the throttling valve with a two-phase expander. Utilization efficiency gains of about 10% over the optimized basic ORC can be achieved by splitting the expansion process in the OFC into two steps and recombining the liquid stream from flash evaporation prior to the secondary, low pressure, expansion stage. Results show that the proposed enhancements had a more pronounced effect for the OFC using aromatic hydrocarbon working fluids (5-20% utilization efficiency improvement) than for siloxane working fluids (2-4%). The proposed modifications were aimed towards reducing irreversibility in flash evaporation; it was observed for siloxanes that the primary source of irreversibility was due to high superheat at the turbine exhaust because of the highly "drying" nature of the fluid. Though an order of magnitude analysis, results showed that the OFC and ORC to require similar heat transfer surface areas. For low temperature thermal energy reservoirs (80-150oC) applicable to non-concentrated solar thermal, geothermal, and low grade industrial waste heat energy, alkane and refrigerant working fluids possess more appropriate vapor pressures. The optimized single flash OFC was again shown to generate comparable power per unit flow rate of the thermal energy reservoir than the optimized basic ORC. With some of the previously proposed design modifications though, the OFC can produce over 60% more power than the optimized ORC. For low temperature applications, the minimum temperature difference between streams in the heat exchanger, or pinch temperature, becomes an important design parameter. Reduction of the pinch temperature even slightly can yield significantly higher gains in power output, but will also increase required heat exchanger surface area and subsequently capital costs. A high-level design of a liquid-fluoride salt (NaF-NaBF4) cooled solar power tower plant is presented; liquid-fluoride salt is used rather than current molten nitrate salts to increase the receiver temperature and subsequently allow for higher efficiency gas power cycles to be used. Graphite or direct energy storage in the salt itself is proposed. The power block component of this heliostat-central receiver plant is a combined cycle system consisting of a topping Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheat, and regeneration and a bottoming low-temperature modified OFC. The combined cycle is designed with dry cooling in mind, such that operation in desert climates are more suitable. The combined cycle design is shown to increase power block efficiencies by 6%-8% over the Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheat, and regeneration alone. An estimated 30% annual average total solar-to-electric conversion efficiency is possible with this system design, which is comparable to some of the most efficient high temperature solar power tower designs to date. Theoretically, power block efficiencies over 60% are possible; however, emission losses from the isothermal central receiver would limit the plant's operational temperature range. Results show that for high efficiency solar power towers to be realized, high temperature non-isothermal, or partitioned, receivers operating efficiently above 1000oC are necessary. Other potential areas of renewable energy system integration for the OFC include a co-generation solar thermal-photovoltaic system that employs highly concentrated, densely packed photovoltaic cells using single-phase or two-phase cooling. The thermal energy absorbed by that coolant could then be used as the working fluid in a separate OFC to further produce power in co-generation with the concentrated photovoltaics.
Organic Rankine Cycle Orc Power Systems
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Author : Ennio Macchi
language : en
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
Release Date : 2016-08-24
Organic Rankine Cycle Orc Power Systems written by Ennio Macchi and has been published by Woodhead Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems: Technologies and Applications provides a systematic and detailed description of organic Rankine cycle technologies and the way they are increasingly of interest for cost-effective sustainable energy generation. Popular applications include cogeneration from biomass and electricity generation from geothermal reservoirs and concentrating solar power installations, as well as waste heat recovery from gas turbines, internal combustion engines and medium- and low-temperature industrial processes. With hundreds of ORC power systems already in operation and the market growing at a fast pace, this is an active and engaging area of scientific research and technical development. The book is structured in three main parts: (i) Introduction to ORC Power Systems, Design and Optimization, (ii) ORC Plant Components, and (iii) Fields of Application. Provides a thorough introduction to ORC power systems Contains detailed chapters on ORC plant components Includes a section focusing on ORC design and optimization Reviews key applications of ORC technologies, including cogeneration from biomass, electricity generation from geothermal reservoirs and concentrating solar power installations, waste heat recovery from gas turbines, internal combustion engines and medium- and low-temperature industrial processes Various chapters are authored by well-known specialists from Academia and ORC manufacturers
Energy Conversion
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Author : Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2019-01-16
Energy Conversion written by Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Energy conversion technology has always been a main focus for researchers in order to meet the increasing demand as well as securing a clean, consistent and reliable energy supply. The constantly rising fuel price is another good reason to develop alternative systems such as wind turbines, hydropower, photovoltaic systems and other renewable energy solutions. This book contains a collection of selected research works in the areas of electric energy generation, renewable energy sources, hybrid system, electromechanical energy conversion, electric machines, power electronic converters and inverters, energy storage, smart grid and traditional energy conversion systems. The book intends to provide academic and industry professionals working in the field of energy conversion and related applications with an update in energy conversion technology, particularly from the applied perspective.
Component Matching For Ultra Low Grade Thermal Energy Recovery Operating In Organic Rankine Cycle
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Component Matching For Ultra Low Grade Thermal Energy Recovery Operating In Organic Rankine Cycle written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
The aim of this work is to study the influence of component selection and sizing on the thermodynamic performance of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) designed for ultra-low grade thermal energy recovery. The selected working fluid of the ORC is a refrigerant whose properties are adapted for energy recovery in a low temperature regime, below 100C. Following a mathematical model, validation of the results was conducted using experimental test using commercial water heater as a heat source, with temperature of the hot water ranging from 75 to 90 °C. The system was modeled, designed, assembled, and tested. The limits of the ORC system are evaluated and the results were tabulated. It was found that component efficiencies and sizing have significant impact on system efficiency of ORCs. Expanders are typically expensive, whereas the scroll expander, used in this study, has limited efficiency. Because of the Carnot limit, issues given less attention in traditional Rankine cycle performance analysis, such as pipe diameters on the liquid and vapor sides, become critical in ultra-low grade thermal energy recovery.
Product Design
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Author : Catalin Alexandru
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2020-10-28
Product Design written by Catalin Alexandru and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Product design is a comprehensive process related to the creation of new products, and the ability to design and develop efficient products are key to success in today’s dynamic global market. Written by experts in the field, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the product design process and its applications in various fields, particularly engineering. Over seven chapters, the authors explore such topics as development of new product design methodologies, implementation of effective methods for integrated products, development of more visualized environments for task-based conceptual design methods, and development of engineering design tools based on 3D photogrammetry, among others.
Organic Rankine Cycle Technology For Heat Recovery
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Author : Enhua Wang
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-11-07
Organic Rankine Cycle Technology For Heat Recovery written by Enhua Wang and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-11-07 with Science categories.
This book on organic Rankine cycle technology presents nine chapters on research activities covering the wide range of current issues on the organic Rankine cycle. The first section deals with working fluid selection and component design. The second section is related to dynamic modeling, starting from internal combustion engines to industrial power plants. The third section discusses industrial applications of waste heat recovery, including internal combustion engines, LNG, and waste water. A comprehensive analysis of the technology and application of organic Rankine cycle systems is beyond the aim of the book. However, the content of this volume can be useful for scientists and students to broaden their knowledge of technologies and applications of organic Rankine cycle systems.
Thermal Energy Waste Recovery Technologies And Systems
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Author : Weidong Chen
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-10-11
Thermal Energy Waste Recovery Technologies And Systems written by Weidong Chen and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-11 with Science categories.
Thermal Energy Waste Recovery Technologies and Systems comprehensively covers thermal energy recovery technologies and systems. It considers thermal sources, working principles, products, application status, prospects, and challenges. In an effort to achieve energy security, carbon neutralization, and sustainable development, this book discusses waste recovery from thermal energy technologies and systems from varying temperatures. This book features case studies of advanced multi-generation systems for different industrial applications. This book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate mechanical engineering students taking courses in thermal energy, energy systems, and renewable energy, as well as researchers studying thermal energy utilization, low-carbon technologies, thermal dynamic analysis, and energy system design.
Organic Rankine Cycles For Waste Heat Recovery
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Author : Silvia Lasala
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2020-05-13
Organic Rankine Cycles For Waste Heat Recovery written by Silvia Lasala and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-13 with Science categories.
This book comprises five chapters on developed research activities on organic Rankine cycles. The first section aims to provide researchers with proper modelling (Chapter 1) and experimental (Chapter 2) tools to calculate and empirically validate thermophysical properties of ORC working fluids. The second section introduces some theoretical and experimental studies of organic Rankine cycles for waste heat recovery applications: a review of different supercritical ORC (Chapter 3), ORC for waste heat recovery from fossil-fired power plants (Chapter 4), the experimental detailed characterization of a small-scale ORC of 3 kW operating with either pure fluids or mixtures (Chapter 5).