Three Essays On Food Security Food Demand And Welfare Program Participation
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Three Essays On Food Security Food Demand And Welfare Program Participation
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Author : Suwen Pan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Three Essays On Food Security Food Demand And Welfare Program Participation written by Suwen Pan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
The relationship among food security, food away from home and welfare program participation is examined in the dissertation. Current Population Survey data are used to identify and compare the effects of family structure, income sources, and demographic information on food stamp program participation and food consumption based on different food security status. In addition, Iowa administration data are used to compare the effects of local socioeconomic situation on family investment program participation between rural and non-rural areas. Analysis in the first paper uses a bivariate ordered probit model and the results show that the effects of family structure, income sources and demographic variables are larger for food secure and hungry households than for food secure households. The second paper uses two-stage budgeting and a double hurdle model and shows that food secure households are more likely to eat out and spend more on food away from home than do food insecure households. A sample selection model is used in the third paper and the results of this paper show that program participation status is affected more by the local labor market situation for rural households than for those living in nonrural areas.
Essays On Food Waste And Consumer Demand Analysis
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Author : Yang Yu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Essays On Food Waste And Consumer Demand Analysis written by Yang Yu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Unnecessary food waste is a global economic and environmental problem. In the United States alone, consumer welfare loss from food waste amounts to a massive $160 billion annually, which is about 30% of the total food supply. Moreover, discarded food is a major source of greenhouse gas emission globally, generating about 3.3 gigatons of carbon dioxide and methane each year. If regarded as a country, food waste is the third-largest carbon-emitting country after the U.S. and China. Despite the importance of the food-waste problem, researchers have had only limited success in studying the underlying issues behind food waste, partly because no public or private organization is measuring actual food waste on a wide scale. At best, researchers have been able to investigate food-waste issues either at the national level by comparing separate datasets on food consumption and food acquisition or at the small scale by conducting experiments or surveys. The three essays in this dissertation study attempts to fill this gap by (i) employing an indirect but creative method to examine household-level food waste in a national survey of food acquisition, thus allowing us to investigate how household characteristics are linked to the estimated levels of food waste, (ii) incorporating food waste into a theoretical model of household behavior, thereby showing that waste is a rational outcome of utility maximization and an important factor to account for in other models of household-level food behavior, and (iii) finding empirical evidence in consumer and market data that policy changes (i.e., extending the sell-by date on milk cartons) can and do reduce food waste. To overcome the lack of observed data on food waste, the first essay begins by formulating household food consumption as a production process that transforms food inputs into chemical energy required for the human body's metabolic process and physical activities. Household-level food waste is estimated as input inefficiency via a stochastic frontier production model. Applying the method to a nationally representative sample of households, the essay shows that on average, U.S. households waste about 31% of their food, and that this level of annual waste corresponds to $240 billion. In addition, by accommodating heterogeneous wasting behavior, the results indicate that healthier diets and higher income lead to more household food waste, whereas lower household food security, food-assistance program participation, and larger household sizes are associated with less food waste. The second essay shows that without modeling or at least partially accounting for wasting behavior, demand estimates in traditional models are potentially biased. The reason for the bias is that the omitted food waste is often a rational and heterogeneous choice made by households and linked to other consumer choices. This point is illustrated by both theoretical and empirical examples. Two structural approaches to identifying and estimating rational food waste are introduced. The first approach partially identifies the waste function through economic constraints. The second approach considers behavioral assumptions on household utility maximization. Taken together, these efforts represent one of the first attempts to incorporate food waste into utility-maximizing models of consumer behavior and provide useful estimates to study the rationales of wasting food. Policymakers could apply the models and utilize the results to calibrate the amounts of actual consumption and to find more effective mechanisms to incentivize food waste reduction. The third essay examines a real-world policy change that was intended to reduce food waste. Consumers often find sell-by labels confusing and misinterpret their meanings as "safe-until" dates. Consequently, a significant portion of perishable food is mismanaged and disposed of earlier than necessary. As an effort to reduce food waste, in September 2010, New York City's Board of Health repealed its regulation on sell-by dates of pasteurized milk products. This policy change, in effect, increased the shelf-life of milk from 9 days to about 15 days. Based on a theoretical model of rational food waste and various empirical verifications using micro-level scanner data, the essay finds that the city's new policy effectively reduced food waste by more than 10%. This result translates to a reduction in wasted milk of more than 5.2 million pounds annually in New York City, an approximately $3.4 million value. This study is the first to find empirical evidence that policy changes can reduce food waste.
Three Essays On Participation In And Effects Of Us Food Assistance Programs
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Author : Yiting Lan (Ph. D. in consumer sciences)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays On Participation In And Effects Of Us Food Assistance Programs written by Yiting Lan (Ph. D. in consumer sciences) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Food relief categories.
Over the last decade, many American families did not have enough food to meet their needs. In the most recent Household Food Security Report by the USDA ERS, about 10.5% of households in the U.S., 13.7 million households, experienced food insecurity at some time in 2019. Among those food-insecure households, about 58% were enrolled in at least one of the three largest federal nutrition assistance programs: the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly named food stamps); the Special Supplemental Nutrition, Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); and the National School Lunch Program. These federal nutrition assistance programs play important roles in improving access to adequate and healthy food. In this dissertation, I study specific aspects of the SNAP and WIC programs. In the first chapter, I briefly introduce this dissertation's objectives, summarize the methods and data I use to achieve these objectives, and highlight key results. The second through fourth chapters provide the additional details and focus on either SNAP or WIC. In the second chapter, I expand on previous work by examining the impact of a SNAP benefits change on food consumption. Previous research provides evidence that SNAP benefits' rise has a positive impact on food-at-home and some non-food expenditures. However, the impact of the change in SNAP benefits on expenditures on specific food categories has yet to be examined. I use a national level expenditure survey with a difference-in-difference method to examine the effect of SNAP benefits increase and decrease on food expenditure. The results provide evidence that SNAP benefits rise in 2009 caused SNAP recipients to increase expenditure on food-at-home, fruits, vegetables, non-alcohol beverage, and dairy. The cut of benefits in 2013 caused SNAP recipients to decrease the expenditures on sweets. The third chapter provides details on WIC enrolment and redemption rates in Ohio. The Ohio Department of Health provided data for this chapter. The study is an exploratory analysis of enrollment and redemption of WIC in Ohio at the county level. I find a decreasing trend of both WIC enrollment and redemption rate in Ohio from 2016 to 2018 and use a county-level fixed effects model to show the negative relationship between WIC enrollment rate over time, WIC redemption rate over time. The fourth chapter continues with the impact of WIC. The study uses the same administrative data as Chapter 3 and investigates the impact of time length that children stay in WIC on their health outcomes: number of risk conditions and BMI percentile, with an individual fixed-effects model. The study expands the previous research by using time as a source of exogenous variation, using administrative clinic data instead of survey data to prove WIC's positive impact on children's health assessments. This work adds to the overall understanding of two federal nutrition assistance programs: SNAP and WIC. This dissertation's results document the effect of SNAP on food expenditure, the impact of WIC on health outcomes, and the enrollment and redemption in Ohio. On the one hand, the positive impact of nutrition assistance programs is documented. On the other hand, the decreasing trend of WIC enrollment and redemption is a serious problem to consider.
Three Essays On Food Security Food Assistance And Migration
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Author : Paul A. Lewin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Three Essays On Food Security Food Assistance And Migration written by Paul A. Lewin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland. The first essay examines how socio-economic characteristics of households, local conditions, and public programs are associated with the probability that a farm household in rural Malawi is food insecure. The statistical analysis uses nationally representative data for 7,965 randomly-selected households interviewed during 2004/05 for the second Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2). Regressions are estimated separately for households in the north, center, and south of Malawi to account for spatial heterogeneity. Results of a Probit regression model reveal that households are less likely to be food insecure if they have more cultivated land per capita, receive agricultural field assistance, reside in a community with an irrigation scheme, and are headed by an individual with a high school degree. Factors that positively correlate with a household's food insecurity are number of household members and distance to markets. The second essay uses nationally representative data from Malawi's 2004/05 Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2) to examine whether rainfall conditions influence a rural worker's decision to make a long-term move to an urban or another rural area. Results of a Full Information Maximum Likelihood regression model reveal that (1) rainfall shocks constrain migration, most likely by making it difficult for prospective migrants to cover costs of migration, (2) migrants choose to move to communities where rainfall variability is lower, and (3) rainfall shocks have larger negative effects on the earnings of recent migrants than on long-time residents' earnings. The third essay examines how benefits from food assistance programs to needy households spillover between areas and among household income groups in the United States. We study the effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the Portland Oregon metro Core and its Periphery trade area, using a Multiregional Input- Output (MRIO) model based on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The analysis captures direct, indirect and induced effects of SNAP on each region and spillover effects on the other region. SNAP benefits to the lower income household classes in each region are traced to their effects on the local economy in each region, and to the effects on household income by income class. The analysis finds that (1) the economic impact on the Portland Core from a given level of SNAP benefits to households in the Periphery is greater than the economic impact in the Periphery from the same level of SNAP benefits to households in the Core; (2) high-income households benefit more than low-income households from the indirect and induced economic impact of SNAP.
Essays On Food Assistance Program Participation And Demand For Food
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Author : Ariun Ishdorj
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Essays On Food Assistance Program Participation And Demand For Food written by Ariun Ishdorj and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Dissertation Abstracts International
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Dissertation Abstracts International written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Dissertations, Academic categories.
Food Insecurity In Asia
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Author : Zhang-Yue Zhou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Food Insecurity In Asia written by Zhang-Yue Zhou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Business & Economics categories.
Achieving food security is vital for any nation. But despite progress in food availability in the postwar period, food insecurity still prevails in many developing countries, with more than half the world's undernourished in Asia. This unacceptable number calls for urgent action. Differences in levels of food security across countries cannot be explained solely by conventional economic arguments, such as resource endowments, country or population size, the level of economic development, and cultural or social differences. This book approaches the issue of food security in a number of Asian and other countries by highlighting the crucial role played by government and economic institutions and by examining how they influence food availability. It lays out valuable policy initiatives for national governments and international bodies, acting through improved institutions, to reduce poverty and inequality and to achieve higher levels of food security nationally and globally.
American Doctoral Dissertations
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
American Doctoral Dissertations written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Dissertation abstracts categories.
The Role Of Food Banks In Food Security In Uganda
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Author : Joseph Watuleke
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Africa Institute
Release Date : 2015-01-12
The Role Of Food Banks In Food Security In Uganda written by Joseph Watuleke and has been published by Nordic Africa Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-12 with Business & Economics categories.
"This study addresses the role the food bank plays in food security, sustainable livelihoods and building resilience to climate change among smallholder farmers in Uganda, and in particular, eastern Uganda. Currently, it is difficult to measure the socioeconomic impact of the food bank on smallholder farmers in eastern Uganda due to the difficulty of isolating its contribution from that of interrelated programmes and farming activities. It is, however, evident that the food bank plays a significant role in improving the smallholder farmers' food production incomes. The food bank is actively engaged in training smallholder farmers in modern farming methods, providing improved seeds and safe storage for farmers' produce, helping farmers to diversify their livelihood sources and providing climate-related information. ..." -- Abstract.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-04-23
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-23 with Medical categories.
For many Americans who live at or below the poverty threshold, access to healthy foods at a reasonable price is a challenge that often places a strain on already limited resources and may compel them to make food choices that are contrary to current nutritional guidance. To help alleviate this problem, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers a number of nutrition assistance programs designed to improve access to healthy foods for low-income individuals and households. The largest of these programs is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly called the Food Stamp Program, which today serves more than 46 million Americans with a program cost in excess of $75 billion annually. The goals of SNAP include raising the level of nutrition among low-income households and maintaining adequate levels of nutrition by increasing the food purchasing power of low-income families. In response to questions about whether there are different ways to define the adequacy of SNAP allotments consistent with the program goals of improving food security and access to a healthy diet, USDA's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to conduct a study to examine the feasibility of defining the adequacy of SNAP allotments, specifically: the feasibility of establishing an objective, evidence-based, science-driven definition of the adequacy of SNAP allotments consistent with the program goals of improving food security and access to a healthy diet, as well as other relevant dimensions of adequacy; and data and analyses needed to support an evidence-based assessment of the adequacy of SNAP allotments. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy reviews the current evidence, including the peer-reviewed published literature and peer-reviewed government reports. Although not given equal weight with peer-reviewed publications, some non-peer-reviewed publications from nongovernmental organizations and stakeholder groups also were considered because they provided additional insight into the behavioral aspects of participation in nutrition assistance programs. In addition to its evidence review, the committee held a data gathering workshop that tapped a range of expertise relevant to its task.