Three Essays On Gender And Development Economics
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Three Essays In The Economics Of Gender And Development
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Author : David Aimé Zoundi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays In The Economics Of Gender And Development written by David Aimé Zoundi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
This Ph.D. thesis explores barriers to gender equality in developing countries. It is composed of three essays. The first essay (chapter 1) explores the roots of gender inequality favoring boys in education. It analyzes the effect of culture interaction with poor household economic on the school dropout probabilities of boys' and girls', using Malawi data. Malawi's suitability for this analysis stems from the coexistence in its territory of two different customs of post-marital residence for couples: patrilocal and matrilocal customs. Estimation results show that gender inequality in education is rooted in the interaction of household economic conditions and the custom of patrilocality—when a married couple settles near or with the husband's family after marriage. The essay concludes that public policies that make it unnecessary for parents to rely on traditional customs to organize their family life can eliminate gender inequality favoring boys' education. The last two essays analyze the issue of polygyny—when a man can have multiples wives simultaneously. This marriage institution has disappeared globally but remains confined in a cluster of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in the Sahel region. Economic theory predicts that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. Still, empirical evidence is yet to establish this causal link, settling instead for a negative correlation between education and women's polygyny probabilities. The second essay examines the effect of education on women's polygyny probabilities, using primarily Uganda data. For identification, we use an estimation approach that jointly addresses sample selection and education endogeneity problems. We estimate a three-equation model comprising a polygyny (main) equation, a marriage (selection), and an education (endogeneity) equation. Estimation results confirm economic theory's prediction that increasing women's education leads to the disappearance of polygyny. The third and final essay provides evidence on the cause of the clustering of polygyny in drought-prone countries. Evidence shows that in village economies dependent on rainfed agriculture, the breakdown of informal risk-sharing arrangements following covariate shocks such as droughts increases the value of having a large family, both in size and composition, as a lever of resilience strategies. We find that polygyny allows households to build resilience to the adverse effects of drought on crop yields. These three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of the barriers to gender inequalityin sub-Saharan Africa. It mainly draws attention to the importance for developing countries to invest in girls' schooling (Essay 2) and promote public policies that make it less attractive for parents to resort to traditional institutions to support their livelihoods (Essay 1). Additionally, policies such as those promoting smallholder farmers as a development strategy can contribute to the persistence of polygyny in drought-prone communities if done without weaning the rural population of its dependence on rainfed agriculture. In these settings, promoting resilience and adaptation strategies independent of household size can lead to polygyny and child marriage's disappearance (Essay 3).
Three Essays On Gender And Development Economics
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Author : Khushbu K. Mishra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On Gender And Development Economics written by Khushbu K. Mishra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Agriculture categories.
In this dissertation, I present three essays in which I explore how disparity in access to assets influences intra-household decisions and how risk and financial constraints influence differential gender decisions in agricultural investments, with an aim to formulate evidence-based policy solutions.
Child Health And Gender Related Challenges In The Developing World
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Author : Sofia Karina Trommlerová
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Child Health And Gender Related Challenges In The Developing World written by Sofia Karina Trommlerová and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Three Essays On Gender And Cultural Economics
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Author : Jordan Loper
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Three Essays On Gender And Cultural Economics written by Jordan Loper and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This thesis explores the long term effects of ancestral norms on contemporaneous outcomes, in the context of developing countries, with a specific focus on gender related outcomes. The 1st chapter explores the long-term effect of matrilineality on contemporaneous female HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. I find that females originating from ancestrally matrilineal ethnic groups are today more likely to be infected by HIV. Matrilineal females' riskier sexual and contraceptive behaviours constitute the main explanatory mechanisms. The 2nd chapter explores how cultural norms and development policies interact in shaping women's empowerment and well-being in developing countries. My co-authors and I examine this question in the context of legal reforms and their differentiated impact on divorce and empowerment across traditional modes of post-marital cohabitation. We find that matrilocal women divorce more than patrilocal women following the reform and, when in stable marriages, experience a significant improvement in well-being and empowerment. The 3rd chapter examines the link between thedistribution of power in marriage and the decision to split-migrate (one spouse migrates alone) in Indonesia. Building on the second chapter, we find that the propensity of matrilocal husbands to split-migrate, relative to patrilocal husbands, increases by 41-76%, following the reform. We suggest that empowered women may have ex-ante gained control over outcomes that are costlier to monitor for husbands when they migrate. Hence, empowerment restores some efficiency in migration decisions by reducing the anticipated information asymmetry and the moral hazard associated with migration.
Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Manuel Alejandro Estefan Davila
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays In Development Economics written by Manuel Alejandro Estefan Davila and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
This dissertation consists of three essays on three topics in Development Economics: gender equality, state capacity, and human capital. The first essay studies the effect of female labour force participation on gender violence. Using Mexican administrative records for a 10-year period, the study examines the impact of local variation in female employment resulting from changes in US demand for Mexican manufacturing in light industries and finds that increases in the population share of employed women lead to reductions in the male-female earnings gap while increasing the female-instigated divorce rate on the grounds of domestic violence, consistent with an "empowerment"Â effect. However, the study also finds an increase in homicide of married women, consistent with a "backlash"Â effect. The second essay examines the effects of property tax rate changes on taxpayer behaviour in the context of weak enforcement capacity. Specifically, the study uses individual-level property tax records in Mexico City over five years and leverages variation from unexpected yearly tax rate hikes affecting only certain property value bands. The main finding of the study is that tax rate hikes lead to higher tax revenues but also provoke unambiguous reductions in tax compliance, worsening inequality in tax compliance. The third essay proposes a structural approach to study the general equilibrium effects of public investments in schooling on the labour market. Schooling decisions are modelled as individual choices subsidised by the government in an overlapping-generations model. Social returns of human capital depend on the productivity of different schooling levels as production inputs. Estimation of the model using Mexican data on schooling and earnings reveals that public subsidies to college increase average wages and reduce earnings inequality. The reason is that individuals experience significant productivity gains after completing this schooling level, while college graduates are relatively scarce in the Mexican economy.
Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Manuel Alejandro Estefan Dávila
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Essays In Development Economics written by Manuel Alejandro Estefan Dávila and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Three Essays In Development Economics
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Author : David Russell Hansen
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Three Essays In Development Economics written by David Russell Hansen and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
This dissertation is composed of three chapters. All three deal with topics in development economics. The first chapter examines the effects on village institutions of introducing formal financial institution options into the village. The second addresses the effects of government policy on educational investment and crime. The third tests the explanatory power of various explanations of the gender gap in math test scores. The first chapter examines the effects of a transition from a ``traditional'' economy based on an uncertain source of income, with risk fully insured away by one's neighbors in a social network through costly network ties, to a ``modern'' economy in which some agents have access to partial insurance at a lower cost. A theoretical model is used to show that village social networks can break down as some members of the village no longer need the insurance the social network provides, producing a reduction in welfare (if the costs of reducing moral hazard are not too high) for at least some individuals and possibly the village as a whole. This loss of welfare can occur even when networks provide other benefits to those belonging to them and is likely to be heterogeneous, depending on the opportunities and networks available to individuals. This paper tests these predictions using Indonesian data to examine the effect of a change in the banking institutions available to a community on the strength of social networks (measured by community participation) and welfare (measured by household expenditure and by child health). The analysis finds that changing financial institution availability in general does not influence community participation or welfare, but that financial institutions that primarily serve certain groups do relatively reduce the welfare of households not in those groups, which is consistent with the hypotheses generated by the model. Crime is an important feature of economic life in many countries, especially in the developing world. Crime distorts many economic decisions because it acts like an unpredictable tax on earnings. In particular, the threat of crime may influence people's willingness to invest in schooling or physical capital. The second chapter explores the questions "What influence do crime rates and levels of investment have on one another?" and "How do government policies affect the relationship between investment and crime?" by creating a simple structural model of crime and educational investment and attempting to fit this model to Mexican data. A method of simulated moments procedure is used to estimate parameters of the model and the estimated parameters are then used to carry out policy simulations. The simulations show that increasing spending on police or increasing the severity of punishment reduces crime but has little effect on educational investment. Increased educational subsidies increase educational investment but reduce crime only slightly. Thus, one type of policy is insufficient to accomplish the goals of both reducing crime and increasing education. The third chapter is joint work with Prashant Bharadwaj, Giacomo De Giorgi, and Christopher Neilson. Boys tend to have better performances than girls in mathematical testing; in particular, there are significantly more boys than girls among high achievers and the score distribution appears to have a longer right tail for boys. We confirm such results on several low- and middle-income countries. In particular we find that the gender gap is already present by age 10 and substantially increases by age 14 and 15. We propose and try to test a series of explanations for such a gap: (i) parental investment, (ii) ability, (iii) school resources, (iv) individual investment and effort (not tested directly), (v) competitive environment, and (vi) cultural norms. We conclude that none of our proposed explanations can account for a substantial portion of the gap.
Three Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Marya Hillesland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Three Essays In Development Economics written by Marya Hillesland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Income categories.
The third essay, MEN AND WOMEN'S ASSET OWNERSHIP AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION PATTERNS IN RURAL MALAWI, is a coauthored paper with Caren Grown and Hema Swaminathan. Using a unique data set with detailed information of household income sources and individual level information on land ownership, the paper examines how gender differences in land holdings are associated with different household income diversification patterns in rural Malawi in 1994-1995. The study finds that women's greater land holdings in married households increases the number of total income activities and non-agriculture activities controlling for the composition of the household and landholdings. This has important policy implications in that studies find a correlation between greater income diversification, usually in terms of total non-agricultural income activities, and household wellbeing.
Three Essays In Development Microeconomics
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Author : Ervin Dervisevic
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Three Essays In Development Microeconomics written by Ervin Dervisevic and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Development economics categories.
This dissertation explores various innovative approaches that can be used in development economics in order to more closely examine economic realities of the developing world. This dissertation provides guidance on how methods not used up to this point can be best used to provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of development projects, and also highlights potential areas of improvement in existing methods and practices of data collection and project evaluation. The first essay examines two major channels of social networks influence on the gender norms of young men and women, using the interviews conducted with members of ten camps in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Inequitable gender norms have been identified as one of the major factors to negatively influence HIV-related behavior, domestic violence, and parenting. There is a need for a better understanding of the factors that contribute to inequitable gender norms, and one potential method to change individual gender norms is through social networks. While there are numerous studies dealing with the social networks influence, there are not many that examine the social networks influence on personal norms. Social network influence is examined using the network autoregressive model that takes into account interdependencies among network members, and the results imply that the gender norms of the network actors are correlated with the gender norms of their alters, indicating a similarity of genders norms among closest network members. When different types of network relationships are pooled, actors' attitudes are not correlated with those of their network contacts. Network actors' and their alters' attitudes are significantly correlated in work and problem-solving relationships. The second essay explores whether and how can spatial econometric methodology be used to examine the spatial spillovers of conditional cash transfers. Conditional cash transfer programs are considered to be one of the most efficient and cost-effective ways to support the poor in the developing countries. Many studies have been performed that show positive impact of conditional cash transfer on beneficiaries' consumption, health, education, etc. However, spatial inter-village spillovers of these programs are potential impacts of spillovers are mostly neglected. The results of the analysis indicate that there are spatial spillovers that reinforce the effects of the program, and there are benefits in using spatial econometrics methods as additional tool in the impact evaluation of conditional cash transfers and other programs. Using the experimental setup of the Progresa-Oportunidades program in Mexico, we find evidence of positive effects of program density on junior and senior high school enrollment among the poor beneficiaries in treated villages. The third essay analyses the impact of gender and marriage perceptions on reporting about labor outcomes using a survey conducted in Ghana. When the standard surveys are conducted in developing countries, they mostly rely only on household heads to provide information about all household members. An alternative approach is taken within the Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) initiative which attempts to conduct interviews with all household members above a certain age. However, there are only a few empirical studies that attempt to provide a framework for understanding the potential advantages and disadvantages of using self and proxy reporters in developing countries. The impact of different factors on labor reporting is examined using the standard models for corner solutions and ordinary least squares. The results of the estimations provide evidence of the influence of gender and marriage perceptions on labor reporting.
Three Essays In Development Economics
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Author : Ana C. Dammert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Three Essays In Development Economics written by Ana C. Dammert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
The second essay tests empirically the latest theories in which child labor does not have a linear relation with household income. Using data from Peru and adopting a multivariate nonparametric approach, with continuous and discrete covariates and cross-validation methods for optimal bandwidths, the results reveal interesting patterns not detected in the child labor literature. The estimated elasticities are larger than those from previous studies and suggest that changes in income have a heterogeneous effect on employment and school participation with higher effects for low-income households.