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Three Essays On Investment In Human Capital In Canada

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Three Essays On Investment In Human Capital In Canada

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Author : Aboudrahyme Savadogo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Three Essays On Investment In Human Capital In Canada written by Aboudrahyme Savadogo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.

This thesis investigates investment in human capital in Canada including the contribution of financial assistance to students, the profitability of investment in postsecondary education and the income redistribution. It is divided in five chapters. The first chapter presents a chronological survey of microeconomics studies on investment in human capital. It also summarizes Canadian studies on investment in education and highlights the main limitations of these studies, particularly in terms of how they disregard the heterogeneity of grant and tax system among Canadian provinces and the sharing of benefits and costs of investment in education in Canada. The second chapter presents the methodology of measurement of returns to education and gains from investment in education. It describes data used the results of the econometric regressions. Finally, the chapter presents SIMAID, a calculator of financial assistance to students developed for the purpose of this dissertation with the aim to estimate the amount of grant to which each student is entitled to according his/her personal and family characteristics. In its first section, the third chapter reports social, private and public returns to education and shows that returns vary across provinces, fields of study, gender and cohort of birth year and decline with respect to the level of education. In its second section, the chapter shows a positive impact of financial assistance on returns to a B.A. degree of 24.3% and 9.5% in Quebec and Ontario respectively. Finally, the chapter indicates that a substitution of Quebec's grant system with Ontario'ssystem decreases private returns to a B.A. degree by -11.9% while a change of Quebec's tax for Ontario's system raises private returns to a B.A. degree by +4.5%. The combined effect of both a change of grant and tax systems on private returns to a B.A. is a 7.4% decline. The fourth chapter provides a detailed title-by-title accounting decomposition of social, private and public gains from investment in education. The social gain from an investment in a B.A. degree is $738,384 dollars in Quebec and $685,437 in Ontario. This gain varies from one field of study to another, with the lowest level in the humanities and the highest level in engineering studies. The chapter shows that the sharing of benefits from investment in education between individuals and government regarding the sharing of costs is more equitable in Ontario than in Quebec. Indeed, an individual who invests in education in Quebec supports 51.6% of the total costs of investment and earns 64.8% of the social gain while the same individuals will support 62.9% of social costs and earn 62.2% of social gain if he/she invest in education in Ontario. Finally, the fifth chapter reports on and analyzes the redistributive effects of taxes and transfers due to investment in education. It also investigates whether or not the financial assistance to students program is actually in favour of the poorest individuals. The argument from which a grant is provided to poor individual is overturned when analyzing the distribution of permanent income. Indeed, we find that 79% of grant beneficiaries are in the richest quintile (Q5) of permanent incomes. The chapter also shows that investment in education positively impacts the redistributive effect in 2006, 2001 and 1996 and negatively in 1991 and 2011. The impact is also observable on the components of the redistributive effects. However, its sensitivity to the discount rate varies with respect to the index used in the analysis.

Three Essays In Immigrant Post Migration Human Capital Investment And Heterogeneity

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Author : Nan Zhou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014

Three Essays In Immigrant Post Migration Human Capital Investment And Heterogeneity written by Nan Zhou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.

The following thesis consists of three essays. Each one is a study of the issues of the selection effect of Canadian immigration policy, post-migration human capital investment, and their associated effects on immigrants' labour market performance and economic assimilation. All three papers are explored under the consideration of unobserved heterogeneity. The data are taken from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC). The first essay examines the determinants of post-migration human capital investment, and the effects of this investment on immigrant realized utility and wage income from Canadian labour market. Post-migration human capital investment includes Canadian formal education and a general definition of training. This essay concludes that pre-migration human capital complements post-migration human capital investment. Furthermore, the investment in post-migration human capital lubricates immigrants' transfer from unemployment to employment. The second study explores the effects of the 'stock' of human capital that immigrants possess, on their occupational choices in the Canadian labour market. The stock of human capital includes both pre-migration human capital, and the part formed through investing in the destination country. This study confirms that immigrants with more stock of pre-migration human capital are inclined to be employed in white-collar occupations, compared to blue-collar occupations or unemployed and searching for jobs. The findings also indicate that once immigrants complete their first training, they locate at a higher utility level after obtaining employment, either white-, blue-collar occupations or being self-employed. The third essay employs the existence of asymmetric information and its effect on the Canadian labour market. This study explores three plausible signals that are prevalent on the Canadian labour market; it also studys the influence of these signals on the immigrant economic assimilation in the first years after landing. The signals comprise the relative level of formal education, foreign credential recognition and pre-arranged job before migration. Empirical results from this essay confirm that Canadian immigrants who landed around the period the LSIC was held are heterogeneous. Further more, this heterogeneity leads to a different assimilation path within the first four years after landing.

Three Essays On Investment In Human Capital

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Author : Shah Danyal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010

Three Essays On Investment In Human Capital written by Shah Danyal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Human capital categories.

Three Essays On Human Capital Investment In China

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Author : Qihui Chen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Three Essays On Human Capital Investment In China written by Qihui Chen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

Three Essays On Human Capital

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Author : Paulino Font Gilabert
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

Three Essays On Human Capital written by Paulino Font Gilabert and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.

Investment In Human Capital Labor Mobility And Inequality

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Author : Elisabeth Magnani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996

Investment In Human Capital Labor Mobility And Inequality written by Elisabeth Magnani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.

Three Essays On Human Capital

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Author : Xiaoyan Chen Youderian
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Three Essays On Human Capital written by Xiaoyan Chen Youderian and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

The first essay considers how the timing of government education spending influences the intergenerational persistence of income. We build a life-cycle model where human capital is accumulated in early and late childhood. Both families and the government can increase the human capital of young agents by investing in education at each stage of childhood. Ability in each dynasty follows a stochastic process. Different abilities and resultant spending histories generate a stochastic steady state distribution of income. We calibrate our model to match aggregate statistics in terms of education expenditures, income persistence and inequality. We show that increasing government spending in early childhood education is effective in lowering intergenerational earnings elasticity. An increase in government funding of early childhood education equivalent to 0.8 percent of GDP reduces income persistence by 8.4 percent. We find that this relatively large effect is due to the weakening relationship between family income and education investment. Since this link is already weak in late childhood, allocating more public resources to late childhood education does not improve the intergenerational mobility of economic status. Furthermore, focusing more on late childhood may raise intergenerational persistence by amplifying the gap in human capital developed in early childhood. The second essay considers parental time investment in early childhood as an education input and explores the impact of early education policies on labor supply and human capital. I develop a five-period overlapping generations model where human capital formation is a multi-stage process. An agent's human capital is accumulated through early and late childhood. Parents make income and time allocation decisions in response to government expenditures and parental leave policies. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy so that the generated data matches the Gini index and parental participation in education expenditures. The general equilibrium environment shows that subsidizing private education spending and adopting paid parental leave are both effective at increasing human capital. These two policies give parents incentives to increase physical and time investment, respectively. Labor supply decreases due to the introduction of paid parental leave as intended. In addition, low-wage earners are most responsive to parental leave by working less and spending more time with children. The third essay is on the motherhood wage penalty. There is substantial evidence that women with children bear a wage penalty of 5 to 10 percent due to their motherhood status. This wage gap is usually estimated by comparing the wages of working mothers to childless women after controlling for human capital and individual characteristics. This method runs into the problem of selection bias by excluding non-working women. This paper addresses the issue in two ways. First, I develop a simple model of fertility and labor participation decisions to examine the relationships among fertility, employment, and wages. The model implies that mothers face different reservation wages due to variance in preference over child care, while non-mothers face the same reservation wage. Thus, a mother with a relatively high wage may choose not to work because of her strong preference for time with children. In contrast, a childless woman who is not working must face a relatively low wage. For this reason, empirical analysis that focuses only on employed women may result in a biased estimate of the motherhood wage penalty. Second, to test the predictions of the model, I use 2004-2009 data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97) and include non-working women in the two-stage Heckman selection model. The empirical results from OLS and the fixed effects model are consistent with the findings in previous studies. However, the child penalty becomes smaller and insignificant after non-working women are included. It implies that the observed wage gap in the labor market appears to overstate the child wage penalty due to the sample selection bias.