Three Essays On The Economics Of Household Behaviour In Developing Countries
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Three Essays On The Economics Of Household Behaviour In Developing Countries
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Author : Ramesh Subramaniam
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Three Essays On The Economics Of Household Behaviour In Developing Countries written by Ramesh Subramaniam and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Consumer behavior categories.
Essays On Household Behavior In Developing Economies
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Author : Yu-hsuan Su
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Essays On Household Behavior In Developing Economies written by Yu-hsuan Su and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This dissertation consists of three essays in development economics. I explore various household behaviors in developing economies, using India and Tanzania as examples. The first two chapters focus on urban slums to capture the inequality within cities and to evaluate the impact of an intervention during urbanization. The third chapter investigates the influence of an inheritance law reform on child labor. The first chapter, which is a joint work with Claus Portner, examines the differences in child health across rural, urban non-slum and slum areas. The developing world is rapidly becoming more and more urban, but our understanding of the differences between urban and rural areas is still limited, especially in the important area of child health and its determinants. Simple averages show clearly that child health in India is worst in rural areas and best in urban areas---with slums in between---but it is unclear exactly what accounts for these differences. We examine the determinants of these differences and to what extent the same mechanisms affect child health in different areas using the 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) data from India. Once we control for environmental conditions and wealth status, the urban advantage in child health disappears and slum children fare substantially worse than their rural counterparts. We also examine the impact of maternal education on child health across rural, urban, and slum areas and find that the positive effect of mother's education on child health is significantly stronger in rural areas than in cities and almost entirely absent in slums. Potential explanations for these results, such as school quality and migration, are explored, but these are unlikely to fully explain the differences in health. The second chapter, which is a joint work with Aidan Coville, evaluates the impact of a slum upgrading project in Tanzania. Developing countries spend significant amounts of their budgets annually on slum upgrading activities, with the broad objectives of alleviating poverty, improving health and well-being and strengthening the social fabric within these communities in a holistic and integrated manner. Rigorous evidence on the impact of these programs is sparse. Isolating the causal impact of these interventions presents a challenge, since the outcomes of interest are often correlated with the site selection for upgrading, and randomized controlled trials are not usually feasible for practical implementation reasons. While rigorous research is beginning to emerge on the effects of slum upgrading on diarrhea, acute respiratory illness (ARI) and the crowding out of private investments, very little is known about the broader impacts of the upgrading process that serve to motivate these interventions in the first place. This paper evaluates the Community Infrastructure Upgrading Program (CIUP) financed by the World Bank with the aim of improving the lives of slum dwellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania through targeted investments in community infrastructure such as roads, drainage systems and streetlights. We find that the CIUP interventions increased household sizes and decreased out-migration, halved diarrhea rates for children under 5, and increased female school enrollment rates, but did not have significant impacts on employment, business operations, income and expenditure, private investment or social cohesion. We review possible confounding factors that influence the reliability of these estimates and present the results in light of these methodological constraints. The third chapter examines the relationship between female autonomy and child labor in India. Many children in developing countries are engaged in various forms of child labor. It is important to understand the determinants of child labor and to evaluate its welfare implications. Intra-household bargaining has been considered an important factor in household decision-making for investment in children. This paper uses the Hindu Succession Act Amendment (HSAA) in India as a source of exogenous variation in woman's bargaining power and information from the 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) to study the effect on child labor. I find that the increase in mothers' bargaining power is associated with a lower probability of child labor, and this negative impact is especially strong for teenage daughters. A daughter of 12 to 14 years old is less likely to be working by 30 percentage points and is less likely to do family work by 20.6 percentage points if her mother is exposed to the HSAA. The HSAA also shows differential impact on families with different sizes and wealth status.
Two Essays On The Economics Of The Household Of The Developing Countries
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Author : Firman Witoelar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Two Essays On The Economics Of The Household Of The Developing Countries written by Firman Witoelar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Essays categories.
Three Essays On Household Behaviours And Welfare In Development Context
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Author : Tu Chi Nguyen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays On Household Behaviours And Welfare In Development Context written by Tu Chi Nguyen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Three Essays On The Economics Of Household Decision Making
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Author : Vipul Bhatt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Three Essays On The Economics Of Household Decision Making written by Vipul Bhatt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Abstract: My research emphasizes the role of interrelated preferences in determining economic choices within a household. In this regard, I study both intergenerational interactions (between parents and children) and intragenerational interactions (between spouses). These linkages have important implications on individual economic behavior such as savings, labor supply, investment in human capital, and bequests which in turn affects aggregate savings and growth.
Three Essays On Empirical Household Behaviour
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Author : Xiaodi Xie
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Three Essays On Empirical Household Behaviour written by Xiaodi Xie and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Child rearing categories.
Three Essays On Empirical Household Behaviour Microform
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Author : Xiaodi Xie
language : en
Publisher: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
Release Date : 1995
Three Essays On Empirical Household Behaviour Microform written by Xiaodi Xie and has been published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Child rearing categories.
Three Essays In The Microeconomics Of Development
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Author : Setou Mamadou Diarra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Three Essays In The Microeconomics Of Development written by Setou Mamadou Diarra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
In this thesis, I investigate factors that undermine children's life chances in developing countries, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries . Three essays comprise this thesis. The first two (Chapters 1 and 2) focus on the life chances of adolescent girls in relation to the issue of child marriage, while the third essay (Chapter 3) focuses on child poverty, in relation to the issue of concordance/discordance between monetary and multidimensional measures of this phenomenon. Child marriage is found in almost all regions of the world, but SSA gets the brunt of it, as it is home to 8 of the 10 countries worldwide reporting the highest prevalence rates of this phenomenon. In 2010, 34% (about 67 million) of young women aged 20-24 globally were married before their eighteenth birthday and about 12% were married by age 15. The United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that if present trends continue, 142 million girls will be married before age 18 in the next decade (UNFPA, 2012). Child marriage has been shown to hamper developing countries girls' life chances both directly and indirectly (UNFPA, 2012). Where it exists as a mass phenomenon, it reflects gendered norms that shape adolescent girls' lives through constrained choices and capabilities relative to boys, including a higher care work burden for girls, restricted access to education, limited mobility; limited authority in the family for wives ( particularly over sexuality and fertility decisions). Combating child marriage in SSA and elsewhere may thus yield significant positive spillovers for the achievement of the 2030 United Nation's Agenda for Sustainable Development. The existing child marriage literature highlights the joint role played by supply-side factors - i.e., why parents marry off their underage daughters- and demand-side factors- i.e., why men enter into marital relationships with underage girls- in driving the prevalence rates of child marriage in the developing world. To turn this empirical finding into effective policy action, however, a quantitative assessment of the relative strength of both demandside and supply-side factors in explaining these high prevalence rates is of paramount importance. The first essay of my thesis aims to fill this knowledge gap by measuring the quantitative importance of the intrinsic value Niger's men attach to having child brides. The second essay follows up on the first, by developing a demand-side model of child marriage with empirical application to Nigeria, to explain why a large proportion of men in developing countries marry underage girls. The third essay explores both theoretically and empirically the causes of the observed mismatch between monetary and multidimensional child poverty. Like the first two essays, it is empirically grounded in the experiences of SSA countries, with a practical application to Tanzania. This essay theoretically links child outcomes, such as nutritional status and schooling achievements to parental and household characteristics including household income and parental education. The model used to formalize this link predicts that parental education influences the level of the mismatch between monetary and multidimensional child poverty. Empirical evidence drawn from Tanzania NPS data is consistent with this prediction. In particular, results show that parental education is a negative predictor of the probability that a monetarily non-poor child suffers some basic deprivations, and a positive predictor of the likelihood that a monetarily poor child suffers no basic deprivations. Overall, these three essays contribute to advancing our knowledge of factors that constraint children's life chances in SSA. In particular, my thesis suggests that policy interventions that ignores the extent and causes of local resistance to the implementation of child marriage prevention programs may face uncertain results (Essay 1 and Essay 2). It also highlights another channel through which parental education can play an important role in the improvement of children's life chances in developing countries (Essay 3).
Household Behaviour Prices And Welfare
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Author : Ranjan Ray
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-10-19
Household Behaviour Prices And Welfare written by Ranjan Ray and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-19 with Business & Economics categories.
This collection of essays covers a diverse set of topics related to household behavior and welfare. Prices play a key role in several of the essays, particularly the distributional implications of price movements, and the effects of changes in relative prices on inequality and poverty. This book shows the shift in the literature on prices from being an exclusively macro topic featuring the study of inflation and cross-country comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro theory-based analysis of household behavior. It also includes recent developments in the poverty measurement literature, documenting the shift from the exclusively money metric and unidimensional poverty measures to multidimensional poverty encompassing a wider view of deprivation. Largely, but not exclusively, focusing on India, the book also features global comparisons of welfare. Intra country spatial comparisons along with cross country comparisons of household behavior and welfare feature in several of the essays in this book. The book also compares the effects of selected public delivery schemes in India on the health of its children. It is a useful resource for researchers and serves as reading material for advanced graduate courses on development in India and elsewhere.
Three Essays In The Microeconomics Of Savings And Consumption
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Author : Joshua Junshik Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Three Essays In The Microeconomics Of Savings And Consumption written by Joshua Junshik Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
This dissertation, "Three Essays in the Microeconomics of Savings and Consumption", is comprised of three chapters which together, focus on how low-income communities and households living in the developing world make important savings and consumption decisions. The first chapter, titled "Currency Depreciations and Savings Behavior: Evidence from Household Deposits in Armenia", is co-authored with Diego Jimenez-Hernandez and Aleksandr Shirkhanyan. In this chapter, I study how households living in financially dollarized economies make currency and savings decisions following a significant currency depreciation. Those living in the developing world often face the problem of how to safely store their assets when the value of their local currency is unstable. This instability leads to several complicated decisions households must make, such as how much to save and which currencies to save in. These choices are especially important for households during periods of macroeconomic volatility such as currency depreciations. This chapter studies how households make such savings decisions following a large currency depreciation in Armenia. We exploit the unique structure of Armenian financial instruments, which generates quasi-random variation in which savers are nudged into paying attention to the depreciation. We then study how this random difference in initial attention affects the future savings choices that individuals make. Using a differences-in-differences design, we find that individuals who received a nudge to pay attention to the currency depreciation significantly reduced their total savings, held their savings for shorter periods of time, and chose to save their assets in USD. We find that these effects are strongest for individuals who predominantly saved their in the domestic currency and individuals who are less financially sophisticated. We also find that while some of the differences in savings decisions are temporary, others persist long after the original depreciation event. The second chapter, "Are High-Interest Loans Predatory? Theory and Evidence from Payday Lending", evaluates the welfare impacts of payday loans and payday lending regulation. It is often argued that consumer lending regulations can increase welfare, because high-interest loans cause "debt traps" where people borrow more than they expect or would like to in the long run. We test this using an experiment with a large payday lender. While the most inexperienced quartile of borrowers underestimate their likelihood of future borrowing, the more experienced three quartiles predict correctly on average. This finding contrasts sharply with priors we elicited from 103 payday lending and behavioral economics experts, who believed that the average borrower would be highly overoptimistic about getting out of debt. Borrowers are willing to pay a significant premium for an experimental incentive to avoid future borrowing, implying that they perceive themselves to be time-inconsistent. We combine these data with a novel sufficient statistic-based identification strategy to estimate a a structural model of time preferences and beliefs. Using our estimated parameters, we carry out a behavioral welfare evaluation of common payday lending regulations. In our model, payday loan bans unambiguously reduce welfare, and limits on repeat borrowing generate at best small welfare gains. The last chapter, "Food Labeling: Effects on Supply and Demand", studies front of package labeling regulations. Front-of-package labeling (FoPL) regulations are an increasingly popular policy used to combat obesity. FoPLs place warning stickers on food products which are deemed to be unhealthy. However, the welfare consequences of FoPL regulations are ambiguous; while firms may produce healthier foods to avoid receiving a label, they may also increase prices due to higher production costs and increased product differentiation. We study how FoPL regulations impact consumer surplus and nutritional intake in the context of Chile, which passed a nationwide regulation mandating FoPL stickers on all processed food products which surpass a threshold level of critical nutrients such as calories or sugar. Combining detailed scanner-level data from Walmart and field-collected data on products' nutritional content and consumers beliefs, we find a decrease in sugar and caloric intake by 9% and 7% respectively. We find that consumers shifted demand from labeled to unlabeled products, and this substitution is highest for products which consumers had miscalibrated nutritional beliefs about. On the supply side, we find firms bunch the nutritional composition of their products at the regulatory thresholds to avoid receiving a label. We develop and estimate a model of supply and demand for food and nutrients, and find that accounting for strategic responses from firms increases the effect of FoPL regulations on nutritional intake by 20 to 30 percent. Finally, we compare FoPL with sin taxes.