Three Essays On Village Cadres In Contemporary China
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Three Essays On Village Cadres In Contemporary China
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Author : Tan Zhao
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Three Essays On Village Cadres In Contemporary China written by Tan Zhao and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
This dissertation studies village cadres in China. Many researchers attribute the Chinese communist regime's strong state capacity and resilience to its ability to control its local agents. Less well known, however, is how the state manages to obtain compliance from village cadres, who serve as its agents for governing the countryside. Compared to other state agents, village cadres are unique in several aspects, especially in that they are not classified as formal officials since villagers elect them and the village itself is not a formal level of government. This dissertation unpacks the methods employed by the Chinese state to control village cadres and examines the effectiveness of these methods. Chapter One argues that the Chinese state has sought to elicit village cadres' compliance by converting their post to something more like those of formal officials through the so-called reform of "professionalizing village cadres," which took place after the abolition of the agricultural tax in the mid-2000s. Based on an original case study of a county from a coastal province, I demonstrate that the professionalization of village cadres has taken place primarily in four areas: 1) cadre salary, 2) evaluation criteria, 3) bureaucratic structure, and 4) training workshops. I contend that in these four areas, village cadres have been effectively assimilated as formal officials that, in turn, have increased the state's influence and supervision over them. However, at the same time, I argue that the professionalization reform has been only partially successful in reinforcing village cadres' compliance with the state. Most critically, the reform failed to establish an adequate reward mechanism for village cadres, who are still excluded from promotion opportunities and receive a generally low salary. As a result, the state's ability to control and mobilize village cadres remains relatively limited. Chapter Two argues that, to compensate for the meager formal rewards village cadres receive, the state has used corruption as a form of informal reward to motivate village cadres to follow its directives (accepted for publication by China Review). Using fieldwork evidence collected from nine villages in three provinces, I show that local government's stance toward corrupt activities by village cadres is determined by the latter's performance. Specifically, the findings indicate that village cadres are allowed to engage in corruption as long as they accomplish the state tasks required of them by their superiors; however, if they fail to accomplish their state tasks, they will be punished by losing their access to corruption opportunities or, worst scenario, being charged with economic crimes. This chapter further argues that the existence of formal and effective institutions, especially the cadre-evaluation system and village elections, enables the state to limit the magnitude of corruption and to make this informal reward mechanism sustainable. Chapter Three provides an empirical test to assess the effect of corruption on village cadres' performance incentives. This chapter hypothesizes that corrupt village cadres will have a stronger incentive to carry out state directives than do their honest counterparts since the corrupt cadres will face harsher sanctions if they fail to accomplish their tasks. Moreover, it hypothesizes that, even if the state directives assigned to them are profitable, corrupt village cadres will practice self-restraint in their corrupt activities and deliver outcomes that meet their superiors' requirements in order to avoid the sanctions that may cost them losing all their rents. I test these two hypotheses using an original dataset collected from 101 villages in China. In particular, I examine how the corruptness of village cadres, measured by the prevalence of vote-buying in the previous election, affects 1) their likelihood of proactively building new roads in their villages and 2) the quality of roads they build. The regression results support my hypotheses. While one standard deviation increase in the corruptness of a village cadre increases their probability of building at least one new road in their term by 68%, there is no significant correlation between their corruptness and the quality of the roads they build. Overall, the three chapters suggest that, while the Chinese state acknowledges the importance of ensuring compliance from village cadres, it has attempted to pursue this goal at a low cost, or what I call "compliance on the cheap." As the first chapter argues, although the state sought to professionalize village cadres to more resemble like formal officials, it has tried to carry out this process without establishing an adequate reward mechanism for village cadres, which rendered the reform only partially successful in reinforcing their compliance. To compensate for the meager formal rewards offered to village cadres, the state has used corruption to incentivize village cadres to obey its directives, which simply entails local officials turning a blind eye to the corrupt activities by village cadres instead of increasing the government's expenditures. Moreover, my findings indicate that, thus far at least, corruption has worked tolerably well in holding village cadres compliant and improving their performance. Given that exerting control over local agents is crucial for governance, the fact that the Chinese communist regime is able to keep its vast number of village cadres in line at a "cheap price" has contributed to the durability of its governing and rule.
State Power And Village Cadres In Contemporary China
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Author : Huirong Chen
language : en
Publisher: Open Dissertation Press
Release Date : 2017-01-27
State Power And Village Cadres In Contemporary China written by Huirong Chen and has been published by Open Dissertation Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-27 with categories.
This dissertation, "State Power and Village Cadres in Contemporary China: the Case of Rural Land Tenure in Shandong Province" by Huirong, Chen, 陈慧荣, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: How the state controls village cadres greatly shapes state-peasant relations. This study attempts to examine the relative and varying strengths of state power, village democracy, and social forces in structuring behavior patterns of village cadres in contemporary China. Particularly, three dimensions of state penetration into the countryside, Party organization, the bureaucratic system, and policy campaigns, are highlighted. It is widely accepted that village cadres are structured by top-down Party and bureaucratic control, bottom-up village elections, and informal accountability embedded in rural solidary groups. However, the conditions under which one particular mechanism plays a dominant role need to be further examined. It is also well known that local states seek to control village cadres by routine mechanisms such as Party organizations and the bureaucratic system. However, non-routine policy campaigns are not fully studied. By examining village cadre behavior in land transfers in agricultural rural areas and land expropriation in industrializing rural areas in Shandong province, this research has several findings. First, state penetration is the most powerful explanatory mechanism among others, and village democracy and societal groupings are undermined by state intervention and market forces. Second, local states in agricultural rural areas seem more developmental in land transfers while their counterparts in industrializing rural areas have more predatory elements in land expropriation. Third, village-level controlled comparisons indicate that varying strengthens of state penetration, depending on the implementation of Party organization, the bureaucratic system, and policy campaigns, greatly shape the degree of involvement in land tenure by village cadres. This study has implications for theories in comparative politics. First, the relative explanatory strength of state power, democracy, and social forces needs to be examined in specific contexts: varying issues, regions, sectors, timing and so forth. Second, the state has to be unpacked and differentiated. Third, policy campaigns characterized by ideological control and mass mobilization are powerful policy instruments and a useful remedy for rigid bureaucracy. It indicates that China's distinctive state penetration can provide a new perspective in conceptualizing the state and studying state infrastructural power. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4723422 Subjects: Land tenure - Government policy - China - Shandong Sheng State-local relations - China - Shandong Sheng Land use, Rural - Government policy - China - Shandong Sheng
State Power And Village Cadres In Contemporary China
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Author : Huirong Chen (Ph. D.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
State Power And Village Cadres In Contemporary China written by Huirong Chen (Ph. D.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Land tenure categories.
On Rural Society And Village Governance In Contemporary China
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2023-08-14
On Rural Society And Village Governance In Contemporary China written by and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-08-14 with Social Science categories.
The rapid marketization of rural labor, agricultural products, and land has dramatically reshaped village life and its structures of governance. This volume, edited by Alexander F. Day, collects twelve key essays translated from Chinese on this transformation of rural society and governance over the past 20 years. These essays, originally published in the leading Chinese-language journal Open Times (开放时代), cover class differentiation, the atomization of rural society, the hollowing out of rural governance, land transfer, rural activism against marketization, lineage politics, the role of agricultural cooperatives, the transformation of small peasant farmers into wage labor, and the disintegration and expansion of peasant petitioning, all exploring the transformation in rural China during the post-socialist era.
Improving Village Governance In Contemporary China
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Author : Xuefeng He
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2021-02-08
Improving Village Governance In Contemporary China written by Xuefeng He and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-08 with Social Science categories.
Based on an in-depth investigation of different regions of China's vast countryside, Improving Village Governance in Contemporary China vividly describes rural governance mechanisms against the background of China's rapid urbanization. China’s rural areas vary greatly from region to region with respect to the pace and mode of change. Rural governance in China is decided by how the state transfers resources to villages, and by the linkage between the transfer style and the specific situation of each village. Only when grassroots governance is based on rural democracy (with peasants as the core) can villages become more harmonious.
Village And Family In Contemporary China
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Author : William L. Parish
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1980-08-15
Village And Family In Contemporary China written by William L. Parish and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980-08-15 with History categories.
After 1949 the Chinese Communists carried out land reform, the collectivization of agriculture, and the formation of people's communes. The new economic and political organizations that emerged have made peasant life more comfortable and secure, but many economic and status differentials and traditional customs remain resistant to change. Focusing on rural Kwangtung province, William L. Parish and Martin King Whyte examine the rural work-incentive system, village equality and inequality, rural health care and education, marriage customs, and the position of women, among other topics, to determine what and how much of the traditional Chinese ways of life is left in Communist China.
Township Governance And Institutionalization In China
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Author : Shukai Zhao
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2014
Township Governance And Institutionalization In China written by Shukai Zhao and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Political Science categories.
This unique volume takes a very different approach to township or xiangzhen governance. It explores the structural constraints on township governance and the way that these constraints influence the day-to-day behavior of Chinese rural grassroots government leaders. Based on thoroughgoing interviews with township and village cadres and villagers, the book depicts how individual actions affect and are affected by the underlying institutional arrangements and hence captures the dynamic micro functions of grassroots government as well as macro evolutions of overarching political institutions in China. The down-to-earth presentation of this book engages readers to deeply feel the genuine life and dilemmas of cadres at the rural grassroots levels in China.The goal of this book is to analyze the fiscal standing, power structure and public service functions of township governments in the context of its subtle relationships with upper level governments as well as with sub-level villages and the rural grassroots society. Its comprehensive documentation and in-depth discussion provide the best depiction of rural governance in contemporary China.
Governance Social Organisation And Reform In Rural China
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Author : H. He
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-02-03
Governance Social Organisation And Reform In Rural China written by H. He and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-03 with Political Science categories.
This study focuses upon governance and social organisation within the Chinese village and explores the extent to which farmers have autonomy vis-à-vis their economic and political activities in an attempt to understand the relationship between farmers and the state in a rapidly changing China.
Rural Policy Implementation In Contemporary China
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Author : Anna Ahlers
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-01-10
Rural Policy Implementation In Contemporary China written by Anna Ahlers and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-10 with Political Science categories.
At the turn of the millennium, the disparities between rural and urban livelihoods, underdevelopment and administrative shortcomings in the Chinese countryside were increasingly seen as posing a manifest threat to social harmony and economic and political stability. At that time the term "three rural problems" (sannong wenti) was coined which defined the main issues of rural life that needed to be targeted by government action: agriculture (nongye), villages (nongcun) and farmers (nongmin). In turn, with the launch of the 11th Five-Year Plan in 2006, a pledge was made to shift the focus of developmental efforts to the long-neglected countryside, which is still home to half of the Chinese population. This book presents an analysis of adaptive local policy implementation in China in the context of the "Building of a New Socialist Countryside" (BNSC) policy framework. Based on intensive field work in four counties in Fujian, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Zhejiang Provinces between 2008 and 2011, it offers detailed analyses of the form and impact of county governments’ strategic agency at certain stages and within certain fields of the implementation process (for example, the design of local BNSC programs, the steering of project funding, implementation and evaluation, the establishment of model villages and the management of public participation). Further, this study illustrates that BNSC is far more than the ‘empty slogan’ described by many observers when it was launched in 2005/2006. Instead, it has already brought about considerable shifts in terms of the process and outcomes of rural policy implementation. Altogether, the results of this research challenge existing paradigms by showing how, against the background of contemporary approaches to rural development and recent reforms initiated by the central state, local bureaucracies’ strategic agency can actually push forward effective – albeit not necessarily optimal – policy implementation to some extent, which serves the interests of central authorities, local implementors and rural residents. By tying into the larger debates on China's state capacity and authoritarian adaptability, this book enriches our understanding of the inner workings of the Chinese political system. As such, it will prove invaluable to students and scholars of Chinese politics, public policy and development studies more generally.
Gao Village Revisited
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Author : Mobo C F Gao
language : en
Publisher: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press
Release Date : 2019-01-30
Gao Village Revisited written by Mobo C F Gao and has been published by The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-30 with Social Science categories.
The personal stories of the Gao villagers demonstrate and are related to changes in China. This is a close study of Gao Village twenty years after the author, an anthropologist and native of Gao village, wrote his original ethnography Gao Village. It combines ethnographic analysis, personal vignettes, and a number of fascinating stories, which presents a convincing yet complex picture of how Gao villagers interact with the outside world. With his sympathetic and insider's approach, the author argues that rural Chinese display great entrepreneurship and inner strength of selfimprovement; they are active contributors to China's economic boom.