Tillage Influences On Soil Conditions And Crop Response Under Dry Weather In The Philippines And In Sweden
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Tillage Influences On Soil Conditions And Crop Response Under Dry Weather In The Philippines And In Sweden
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Author : Estela M. Pasuquin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Tillage Influences On Soil Conditions And Crop Response Under Dry Weather In The Philippines And In Sweden written by Estela M. Pasuquin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with categories.
Agrindex
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Agrindex written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Agriculture categories.
Effects Of Long Term Rice Maize Rotation On Soil Structure Under Varying Residue And Tillage Management In The Philippines
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Author : Justin M. Allen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Effects Of Long Term Rice Maize Rotation On Soil Structure Under Varying Residue And Tillage Management In The Philippines written by Justin M. Allen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Rotating upland crops with puddled rice is an effective strategy to reduce resource use and increase farm productivity under increasing challenges like water shortage and pests. Conflicting soil structure requirements of paddy and upland crops, however, prevent the system from reaching its potential. Plowpans used for puddling rice restrict rooting depth and create anaerobic stress in upland crops like maize. Optimized tillage and residue management could mitigate this, although studies are limited, particularly under a long-term scenario. The 24-year long rice-maize experiment at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) offers one of the world’s most extensive opportunities to study long-term management effects and improve practices for one of the most important cropping systems in the world. Within this experiment we compared measurements of bulk density (0-80 cm), soil moisture, water stable aggregates, infiltrability, penetration resistance, electrical conductivity, soil temperature, soil water bypass flow (AWD tube readings), and root depth/density under zero-tillage and conventional tillage with residue removed and returned in rice-rice and rice-maize rotations. Rice-maize rotation, zero-tillage and residue returned significantly improved soil moisture status and anaerobic conditions, water stable aggregates, infiltration, soil temperature, and root depth/density. Bulk density and penetration resistance were strongly affected by the relationship of soil moisture and shrink/swell properties, which was shown to be an overlooked metric in rice soil science. The results of this study suggest that the conventional practice of tillage with residue removal is counterproductive for long-term improvement of soil structure in paddy-upland rotation.
Tillage System And Planting Date Effects On Corn Zea Mays L And Soybean Glycine Max L Yield
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Author : Mario Perez-Bidegain
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Tillage System And Planting Date Effects On Corn Zea Mays L And Soybean Glycine Max L Yield written by Mario Perez-Bidegain and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
Although tillage systems produce different soil conditions, which result in different ideal planting dates, and crops respond to planting date, most of tillage research is conducted based on a calendar date. If a tillage system by planting date interaction exists, most of the planting date recommendations based on calendar date research could change. Different authors have modified surface residue distribution in an attempt to achieve optimal soil conditions for crop growth in the row zone while maintaining optimum soil conservation conditions in the mulched interrow zone. A reasonable goal for soil management involves identifying the level of soil and residue disturbance necessary to optimize soil environmental conditions for the corn plant and residue cover for soil conservation. In order to design a tillage system that produces a residue-free band-width based on site-specific soil properties and crop needs, the use of a model to capture the effect of surface residue management, soil non-uniformities (i.e., row zone tillage), and tillage is necessary. Considering a potential tillage by planting date interaction and site-specific strip tillage opportunities, this thesis has the following objectives. The first objective is to test the performance of strip tillage, no tillage, and conventional tillage when each system is planted on the day that optimum soil temperature and water conditions for planting are reached for each system. The second objective is to conduct a soil temperature sensitivity analysis to residue-free band-width, and tillage depth with strip tillage using a model that couples water and heat transport in non-uniform soils. In a two-year study on a poorly drained soil tillage system, effects on corn yield were not detected when preestablished soil temperature and water content criteria were used to determine the day of planting each system. On the other hand, planting date has an effect on corn yield. A tillage system by planting date interaction was detected for soybean yield in one of two years, when drought conditions existed during the second half of July and August. Soil temperature, soil water content, and matric potential were most sensitive to changes in residue-free band-width at 0.05-m in both soils studied.
Comparative Response Of Canola Field Pea And Wheat To Zero Tillage
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Author : Sylvia Poppe
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Comparative Response Of Canola Field Pea And Wheat To Zero Tillage written by Sylvia Poppe and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with categories.
Knowledge of the relative responses of different crop species to zero tillage is important for rotation planning in conservation farming systems. The performance of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola, and Victoria field pea was investigated under zero and conventional tillage on a sandy loam at Carman, MB, and on a clay loam soil at Portage la Prairie, MB in 1989 and 1990. Parameters under investigation included dry matter accumulation, crop development, evapotranspiration (ET), soil water extraction, water use efficiency (WUE), plant water stress, yield and quality. An additional study was done at Portage in 1990 examining the response of field pea and canola to zero tillage under simulated early season drought. Effects of zero tillage on establishment, growth, yield, yield conponents and grain quality of these crops were limited. For grain yield, location and year were more important than tillage regime. Differences in ET among crop species in response to zero tillage was greater in 1989, a dry year, than in 1990, a relatively wet year. The trends for ET were reflected in soil water depletion trends. In 1989, canola extracted more water at all depths under zero tillage compared with conventional tillage. However, zero tillage increased soil water extraction below 50 cm in field pea, and above 50 cm in wheat, compared to conventional tillage. At both sites in 1990 the trend was for less water depletion below 90 cm under zero tillage. Higher WUE under zero tillage occurred three of 16 times and was attributed to a higher transpiration:ET ratio. A reduction in tillage enhanced WUE in field pea more frequently than in canola or wheat. Relative water content measurements indicated that tillage affected the water status of canola and field pea more often than wheat. For canopy and leaf temperature measurements positive responses to zero tillage were more frequent at Carman than at Portage, possibly due to the sandier soil at Carman. Only one response to tillage was observed for leaf conductance. It can be concluded that these crops are all well adapted to production under a zero tillage system.
Effects Of Different Tillage Systems And Planting Densities On Soil Physical Properties And Yield Components Of Sweet Corn Zea Mays L
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Author : Hosseinali Tash Shamsabadi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Effects Of Different Tillage Systems And Planting Densities On Soil Physical Properties And Yield Components Of Sweet Corn Zea Mays L written by Hosseinali Tash Shamsabadi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Sweet corn or maize (Zea mays L.) is the world's most important crops after wheat, barley and rice. This plant is nutritionally superior to other cereals in many ways, except in protein value. Considering the limitation of production resources and the increasing world population, efforts should be made to increase productivity of crop. Among the factors that influence corn productivity are planting density and tillage practices. In Malaysia, the rotary cultivator method which has been the common practice for sweet corn has some disadvantages and it would be worthwhile to compare it with other tillage methods. The shallow depth of ploughing and degradation of the soil because of intensive impact of the rotary blade with the soil has been identified as problems of this tillage method. The main objective of this study was to find out the best tillage system or method in terms of soil physical characteristics, and then determining the crop yield of sweet corn as affected by different planting densities. In addition, the most economical tillage system in the field, optimum energy on drawbar power and engine fuel consumption for three tillage methods were also calculated. Field experiments were conducted over two years (2008 and 2009) to investigate the effects of three tillage systems on selected soil physical properties at two depths of 0-15 and 20-35 cm in the Serdang series soil (Typic Paleodult). The research farm was located in the University Putra Malaysia (UPM) in Malaysia. It was under continuous corn planting for several years. The three tillage systems or methods were Moulboard Plough followed by once tandem disc harrowing (MPD), Disc Plough followed by once tandem disc harrowing (DP) and Rotary Cultivator only (RC) as control. Soil physical properties were measured two times, before and after soil tillage and included bulk density dry basis (BDd), total porosity (Pt), aggregate size distribution (Aggd≥2mm), mean weight diameter dry basis and wet basis (MWDd and MWDw), water infiltration (WI), moisture content volume basis (MCv) and resistance to penetration (RP). At the end of the experiment, energy and fuel consumption utilized on the soil ploughed by the tillage systems were calculated. The results showed that the measured soil physical properties at two depths of the plots (before tillage operation) were homogeneous at three plots and two depths. The highest value of crop yield at any given planting density occurred in MPD plot and decreased in DPD and RC plots, respectively in 2008 and combined two years. This result could be due to lower BDd and Aggd≥2mm, higher MWDw and Pt in upper layer (0-15 cm) for MPD plot. However WI was higher and RP was lower in RC plot at the same depth. The other reason for sweet corn reduction in RC plot could be higher BDd and RP at the depth of 20-35 cm that impeded root growth of sweet corn; however MCv was higher in lower layer. Depth of soil tillage by RC (15 cm) and creation of plough-pan below this depth (plough layer) was the other reason for the lower yield under RC. Tillage method, planting density and also interaction effects of two factors, tillage and planting density were found to be significant on yield and some yield components of sweet corn such as ear diameter, row length of the kernels on the cob corn, fresh weight of ear con, yield of sweet corn and total weight of dry matter, in 2008. Similarly, all yield parameters except for ear diameter were affected by planting density and interaction of the two factors in 2009. Irrespective of planting density, corn yield was lowest in RC tillage in 2008 and for the combined two years. Crop yield with DPD was 8% higher than RC and with MPD it was 20% higher than RC. Ear diameter, row length of kernel on cob corn and weight of ear were higher at low density compared to high density planting. This could be due to the lower stress or competition between the plants for moisture, nutrients and sunlight under low density planting. Although the stress was higher for the plants with seed spacing of 20 cm; however it did not affect the crop yield and total weight of dry matter at any given tillage methods. This result revealed that there was no deficit of moisture and nutrients for the plants close to each other. Only the limitation of sunlight could be the reason for this finding. Climate or weather condition in 2009 was better than 2008 in terms of greater rainfall and sunshine hour. That is why the yield and some yield components of sweet corn were better in 2009 as compared to 2008 for DPD and RC plot. Energy consumption on drawbar power was higher on the soil ploughed with DPD was 56.2 hp and decreased with MPD (52.5 hp) and RC (45.5 hp), respectively whilst fuel consumption was higher on the soil ploughed with MPD (27.02 L) and decreased to 25.69 L with DPD and 18.04 L with RC, respectively. Although energy on drawbar power and engine fuel consumption were higher under MPD and DPD tillage treatments as compared to RC, there was greater benefit gained in MPD plot (20%) and DPD plot (8%) respectively. On the other hand, the highest profit was obtained in MPD plot (RM 21,600) and this decreased to RM 19,500 in DPD plot and RM 18,100 in RC plot, respectively. In general, working condition of two tillage methods (MPD and DPD) was similar in trend in terms of soil physical properties, yield and its components of sweet corn. However, mouldboad plough to a depth of 25 cm followed by one time tandem disc harrowing to a depth of 10 cm with seed spacing of 20 cm showed the best overall results in terms of yield and economic benefit.
Bibliography Of Agriculture
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1973
Bibliography Of Agriculture written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1973 with categories.
Drought Resistance In Crops With Emphasis On Rice
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Author : International Rice Research Institute
language : en
Publisher: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Release Date : 1982
Drought Resistance In Crops With Emphasis On Rice written by International Rice Research Institute and has been published by Int. Rice Res. Inst. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Crop yields categories.
Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics In Flooded Soils
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Author : G. J. D. Kirk
language : en
Publisher: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
Release Date : 2000
Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics In Flooded Soils written by G. J. D. Kirk and has been published by Int. Rice Res. Inst. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Rice categories.
Long Term Reduced Tillage And Cover Cropping Change Soil Chemical Properties Under Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions
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Author : Dominique Sylvia Dhainaut Medina
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Long Term Reduced Tillage And Cover Cropping Change Soil Chemical Properties Under Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions written by Dominique Sylvia Dhainaut Medina and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Reducing tillage and fallow periods may improve agricultural sustainability, addressing issues such as soil degradation, water and air pollution, and rising energy costs. From 1999 to 2012 we compared conservation (CT) and standard tillage (ST) with (CC) and without (NO) cover crops for a cotton-tomato rotation in a Panoche clay loam soil in Five Points, CA. CT considered a reduction of tractor passes of 50% and 40% for tomato and cotton respectively. Soil samples from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were analyzed for total N and C, nitrate, Olsen phosphorus, interchangeable potassium, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter. After 13 years of rotation, both conservation tillage and cover cropping increased soil C and N. In CTCC, total C and N increased approximately 19 and 1.1 t ha−1 respectively in the 0- to 30 cm depth. In STNO the C was around 8 t ha−1 higher, while total N was approximately 0.2 t ha−1 lower than in 1999. Electrical conductivity increased in all treatments, primarily in the 15- to 30- cm depth, as a consequence of salts accumulation from irrigation water and fertilizers. The EC at that depth was significantly higher in ST than CT; reaching approximately 1.53 mmhos cm−1 compared to 1.23 mmhos cm−1 in CT. CTCC showed the highest values for extractable P and K. Neither pH nor nitrate content changed significantly in any of the treatments during the duration of the study. Total C, N, P and K were higher in CT and as a result, some agronomical features of the soil were improved. However, these nutrients were concentrated in the surface layer of soil, away from where the vast majority of roots are, which may limit their uptake by crops and thus other mechanisms would be needed to make them available. Under irrigated Mediterranean conditions, both CT and CC appear as feasible alternatives to conventional agriculture. If profitability is maintained, and water constraints are managed, these practices may become increasingly attractive for cotton and tomato farmers in the San Joaquin Valley.