Trade Human Capital And Technology Spillovers
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Trade Human Capital And Technology Spillovers
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Author : Yanling Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Trade Human Capital And Technology Spillovers written by Yanling Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
This paper studies whether trade promotes North-South and South-South technology spillovers at the industry level, and how the absorptive capacity of the South affects the impact of the technology spillovers. Using data from 16 manufacturing industries in 25 developing countries from 1976 to 1998, the paper shows: (i) North-South trade-related R&D has a substantial impact on total factor productivity in the South; (ii) South-South trade-related R&D also promotes technology spillovers but with a smaller magnitude; and (iii) human capital is very important in facilitating North-South and South-South technology spillovers: an increase in human capital could lead to over three times the size of technology spillovers from an increase in trade-related foreign R&D.
Trade Foreign Direct Investment And International Technology Transfer A Survey
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Author : Kamal Saggi
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2000
Trade Foreign Direct Investment And International Technology Transfer A Survey written by Kamal Saggi and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Attributes categories.
Abstract: May 2000 - How much a developing country can take advantage of technology transfer from foreign direct investment depends partly on how well educated and well trained its workforce is, how much it is willing to invest in research and development, and how much protection it offers for intellectual property rights. Saggi surveys the literature on trade and foreign direct investment - especially wholly owned subsidiaries of multinational firms and international joint ventures - as channels for technology transfer. He also discusses licensing and other arm's-length channels of technology transfer. He concludes: How trade encourages growth depends on whether knowledge spillover is national or international. Spillover is more likely to be national for developing countries than for industrial countries; Local policy often makes pure foreign direct investment infeasible, so foreign firms choose licensing or joint ventures. The jury is still out on whether licensing or joint ventures lead to more learning by local firms; Policies designed to attract foreign direct investment are proliferating. Several plant-level studies have failed to find positive spillover from foreign direct investment to firms competing directly with subsidiaries of multinationals. (However, these studies treat foreign direct investment as exogenous and assume spillover to be horizontal - when it may be vertical.) All such studies do find the subsidiaries of multinationals to be more productive than domestic firms, so foreign direct investment does result in host countries using resources more effectively; Absorptive capacity in the host country is essential for getting significant benefits from foreign direct investment. Without adequate human capital or investments in research and development, spillover fails to materialize; A country's policy on protection of intellectual property rights affects the type of industry it attracts. Firms for which such rights are crucial (such as pharmaceutical firms) are unlikely to invest directly in countries where such protections are weak, or will not invest in manufacturing and research and development activities. Policy on intellectual property rights also influences whether technology transfer comes through licensing, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly owned subsidiaries. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study microfoundations of international technology diffusion. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Microfoundations of International Technology Diffusion. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Human Capital Technological Spillovers And Trade In The Mena Countries
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Author : Hamid Mohtadi
language : fr
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Human Capital Technological Spillovers And Trade In The Mena Countries written by Hamid Mohtadi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
Trade Education And International Technology Spillovers
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Author : Yanling Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Trade Education And International Technology Spillovers written by Yanling Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with categories.
This paper investigates whether trade promotes North-South and South-South technology spillovers at the industry level, and how the absorptive capacity of the South affects the impact of the technology spillovers. It uses "effective" instead of "available" trade-related R&D in the South by incorporating human capital as a measure of absorptive capacity, then develops a method to measure the indirect trade-related R&D among the South and its effects on technology spillovers. Iteration and bootstrap methods are used to estimate parameters and their standard errors with data from 16 manufacturing industries in 25 developing countries over the period 1976-1998. Estimation results show that: (i) North-South direct R&D spillovers through trade are substantial, but South-South indirect R&D spillovers are very small; these results are robust both for the pooled data and for each single industry. And (ii) the absorptive capacity in the South is rather low on average, but it has a great potential to increase given one unit increase in their human capital.
International Technology Transfer To Developing Countries
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Author : Kamal Saggi
language : en
Publisher: Commonwealth Secretariat
Release Date : 2004
International Technology Transfer To Developing Countries written by Kamal Saggi and has been published by Commonwealth Secretariat this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business & Economics categories.
Bridging the technology gap is an issue faced by most countries, but in developing countries the issue is doubly critical. Not only do they lag further behind relative to other countries but they also face more stringent resource constraints. This title provides a through overview of the economics of ITT relevant to developing countries and will be invaluable as a reference tool for policy makers, trade officials and trade negotiators.Part One identifies the role played by existing policy in trade, foreign direct investment and intellectual property rights in facilitating International Technology Transfer (ITT). Pertinent analysis of the major implications of the report is given.The WTO Working Group on Trade and Technology Transfer was established with the aim of encouraging technology transfer to developing countries. Part Two outlines the Group's findings for increasing flows of technology.
Innovation Human Capital And Trade Competitiveness
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Author : Marzenna Anna Weresa
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-18
Innovation Human Capital And Trade Competitiveness written by Marzenna Anna Weresa and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-18 with Political Science categories.
This work focuses on researching and establishing the importance of human capital and innovation as determinants of competitive advantages in international trade—in the context of rapidly evolving technological advancement, globalization, and economic integration. The processes that accompany the shift from industrial economics to a knowledge-based economy are currently the object of interest of both scientists, politicians, investors and entrepreneurs. In many countries, the traditional sources of socioeconomic development, such as low labor costs, availability of inexpensive raw materials, and favorable geographic location are waning. These economies are searching for new sources of competitive advantage that will allow for maintaining growth, among other things by boosting participation in international trade. The book explores non-traditional drivers of competitiveness in both theory and practice. First, chapters 1 through 4 present theoretical and methodological aspects of the relationships among international trade, human capital and innovation. Here the authors address the controversy associated with the concept of competitiveness itself and its measurement, while paying special attention to the political development of comparative advantages related to international trade. The second part of the monograph, chapters 5 through 8, is of empirical nature. This section contains case studies of selected countries that represent models of various national innovation systems. Finally, the theoretical and practical aspects are integrated, allowing policymakers and financial and business leaders to consider how their decisions can influence their countries’ competitive positions through their investments in innovation and human capital.
Training Adverse Selection And Appropriate Technology
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Author : Theo S. Eicher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Training Adverse Selection And Appropriate Technology written by Theo S. Eicher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
Recent diffusion models cannot explain why the success of technology diffusion depends so critically on developing countries' human capital levels. This paper examines three main issues. First, we endogenize both appropriate technologies and human capital formation. Second, we refine the human capital accumulation process by introducing uncertainty about worker quality and training efficiency. Finally, we allow for international diffusion of technology as a function of the host country's endogenous ability to absorb technological spillovers. The resulting model is one of uneven growth where trade amplifies worker quality problems in laggard countries. In contrast, technology spillovers are shown to generate additional incentives to accumulate human capital in the laggard country, since this allows for faster adoption and diffusion of foreign technology in the future.
Human Capital As A Determinant Of Fdi Technology Spillovers And Its Threshold Effects In China
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Author : Miao Fu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Human Capital As A Determinant Of Fdi Technology Spillovers And Its Threshold Effects In China written by Miao Fu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Economic development categories.
Trade And Human Capital Accumulation
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Author : Dörte Dömeland
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2007
Trade And Human Capital Accumulation written by Dörte Dömeland and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Comparative Advantage categories.
This study provides empirical evidence that trade increases on-the-job human capital accumulation by estimating the effect of home country openness on estimated returns to home country experience of U.S. immigrants. The positive effect of trade on on-the-job human capital accumulation remains significant when controlling for GDP, educational attainment, and institutional quality. It is not the result of self-selection, heterogeneity in returns to experience, English-speaking origin, or cultural background. The effect persists when restricting the sample to non-OECD countries, thereby resolving the theoretical ambiguity of whether trade increases or decreases learning-by-doing. The role of trade in generating economic growth is therefore likely to be more important than generally considered.
Long Term International Capital Movements And Technology
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Author : Mr.Harm Zebregs
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 1999-09-01
Long Term International Capital Movements And Technology written by Mr.Harm Zebregs and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-09-01 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper reviews the theoretical literature on the question of how long-term international capital movements depend on the international distribution of technology. It focuses on long-term investment flows, as these are more affected by international differences in technologies than short-term financial flows. International capital movements are investigated in the context of various technology specifications, ranging from models with only one common technology to those with multiple and endogenous technologies. The paper demonstrates that the theoretical specification of technology is crucial to the prediction of the size and direction of international capital movements.