Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation
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Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation
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Author : Daniel P. Kessler
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation written by Daniel P. Kessler and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Prison sentences categories.
It is typically difficult to differentiate empirically between deterrence and incapacitation since both are a function of expected punishment. In this paper we demonstrate that the introduction of sentence enhancements (i.e. increased punishments that are added on to prison sentences that would have been served anyway) provides a direct means of measuring deterrence. Because the criminal would have been sentenced to prison anyway, there is no additional incapacitation effect from the sentence enhancement in the short-run. Therefore, any immediate decrease in crime must be due to deterrence. We test the model using California's Proposition 8 which imposed sentence enhancements for a selected group of crimes. In the year following its passage, crimes covered by Proposition 8 fell by more than 10 percent relative to similar crimes not affected by the law, suggesting a large deterrent effect. Three years after the law comes into effect, eligible crimes have fallen roughly 20-40 percent compared to non-eligible crimes. This large deterrent effect suggests that sentence enhancements, and may be more cost-effective than is generally thought.
Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation
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Author : Daniel Kessler
language : es
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation written by Daniel Kessler and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Using Sentence Enhancements To Distinguish Between Deterrence And Incapacitation written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Incapacitation
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Author : Marijke Malsch
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-05-23
Incapacitation written by Marijke Malsch and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-23 with Law categories.
In many criminal justice systems a new trend towards incapacitation can be witnessed. A ubiquitous want for control seems to have emerged as a consequence of perceived safety risks. This can be seen not only in the mass incarceration of offenders but also in the disqualification of offenders from jobs, in chemical castration in cases of sexual crimes, the increased use of electronic monitoring and in the life-long monitoring of individuals who pose certain risks. Trends towards incapacitation are now even spreading to public administration and the employment sector, in the refusal of licenses and the rejection of employees with past criminal records. This book discusses the topic of incapacitation from various angles and perspectives. It explores how theories of punishment are affected by the more recent emphasis on incapacitation and how criminal justice practice is changing as a consequence of this new emphasis. Many contributors express criticisms with this trend towards incapacitation. They argue for a better calibration of measures to the severity of the misconduct. In addressing an increasingly important development in criminal justice, the book will be an essential resource for students, researchers, and policy-makers working in the areas of criminal law, sentencing, probation and crime prevention.
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States
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Author : Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2014-12-31
The Growth Of Incarceration In The United States written by Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-31 with Law categories.
After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States has increased fivefold during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines policy changes that created an increasingly punitive political climate and offers specific policy advice in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. This report is a call for change in the way society views criminals, punishment, and prison. This landmark study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.
Criminal Incapacitation
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Author : William Spelman
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-14
Criminal Incapacitation written by William Spelman and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-14 with Social Science categories.
There is nothing uglier than a catfish. With its scaleless, eel-like body, flat, semicircular head, and cartilaginous whiskers, it looks almost entirely unlike a cat. The toothless, sluggish beasts can be found on the bottom of warm streams and lakes, living on scum and detritus. Such a diet is healthier than it sounds: divers in the Ohio River regularly report sighting catfish the size of small whales, and cats in the Mekong River in Southeast Asia often weigh nearly 700 pounds. Ugly or not, the catfish is good to eat. Deep-fried catfish is a Southern staple; more ambitious recipes add Parmesan cheese, bacon drippings and papri ka, or Amontillado. Catfish is also good for you. One pound of channel catfish provides nearly all the protein but only half the calories and fat of 1 pound of solid white albacore tuna. Catfish is a particularly good source of alpha tocopherol and B vitamins. Because they are both nutritious and tasty, cats are America's biggest aquaculture product.
National Assessment Of Structured Sentencing
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
National Assessment Of Structured Sentencing written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Government publications categories.
Sentencing Matters
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Author : Michael H. Tonry
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Sentencing Matters written by Michael H. Tonry and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Electronic books categories.
More Time Less Crime Estimating The Incapacitative Effect Of Sentence Enhancements
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Author : Emily Greene Owens
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
More Time Less Crime Estimating The Incapacitative Effect Of Sentence Enhancements written by Emily Greene Owens and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Sentence enhancements can reduce crime by causing potential offenders to change their behavior and by removing dangerous offenders from society for longer periods of time. I estimate the incapacitative effect of longer sentences by exploiting a 2001 change in Maryland sentencing guidelines that reduced the sentence of 23, 24 and 25 year old males with delinquent records by a mean of 222 days per delinquent 'point'. I find that during this sentence 'disenhancement', offenders were on average arrested for 2.8 criminal acts and were involved in between 1.4 and 1.6 index crimes per person during the period in which they would have otherwise been incarcerated. While significantly lower than previous estimates of incapacitation, I find that on the margin, the social cost of the crimes averted by incapacitation is slightly higher than the marginal cost to the state of imposing a one year sentence enhancement.
The Economics Of Crime
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Author : Rafael Di Tella
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2010-08-02
The Economics Of Crime written by Rafael Di Tella and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-08-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Crime rates in Latin America are among the highest in the world, creating climates of fear and lawlessness in several countries. Despite this situation, there has been a lack of systematic effort to study crime in the region or the effectiveness of policies designed to tackle it. The Economics of Crime is a powerful corrective to this academic blind spot and makes an important contribution to the current debate on causes and solutions by applying lessons learned from recent developments in the economics of crime. The Economics of Crime addresses a variety of topics, including the impact of kidnappings on investment, mandatory arrest laws, education in prisons, and the relationship between poverty and crime. Utilizining research from within and without Latin America, this book illustrates the broad range of approaches that have been efficacious in studying crime in both developing and developed nations. The Economics of Crime is a vital text for researchers, policymakers, and students of both crime and of Latin American economic policy.
