Validation Of Thermally Induced Internal Cracking In Asphalt Mixtures Using Indirect Tensile Test
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Validation Of Thermally Induced Internal Cracking In Asphalt Mixtures Using Indirect Tensile Test
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Author : Joshua Oklu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Validation Of Thermally Induced Internal Cracking In Asphalt Mixtures Using Indirect Tensile Test written by Joshua Oklu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with Materials categories.
s stated in the House Bill 62 Transportation Budget in Brief, roughly 5 billion dollars is spent yearly on road pavement construction in the state of Ohio, with a significant chunk for maintenance. Moreover, maintenance activities and their associated costs are increased in the colder regions of the US where damages and distress on roadways are associated to the Low Temperature Cracking (LTC) phenomena or at least in combination with other distress like rutting and fatigue cracking. Thermally induced internal cracking is a mechanism that occurs under low temperature conditions. Akentuna et al. (2017) postulated that the differential in Coefficient of Thermal Contraction (CTC) values in asphalt binder and aggregate gives rise to thermally induced internal cracking at low temperatures. Owing to its potential significance and effect on LTC modeling, this study investigated the thermally induced thermal cracking phenomena using the Indirect Tensile (IDT) test. The IDT test was selected since it is the test procedure used in fracture property investigation in the AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic Empirical (ME) Design program for low temperature cracking modeling. In addition, a study on the effect of loading rate and temperature on asphalt mixtures during the ITS test was also investigated. Although thermally induced internal cracking was observed by Li et al. (2007) using the acoustic emissions test and Behnia et al. (2014) using the Disc-shaped Compact Test (DCT), its quantified effect has not been studied. The results garnered from this study validated the occurrence of thermally induced internal cracking, evidenced by significant reduction in IDT peak strengths and energy at peak stress to averaged magnitudes of 4% and 12% respectively. The second objective of this study on varying loading rate and temperature during the IDT strength tests proved that the standard test loading rate of 12.5mm/min rate was too fast and not representative of field loading rate. In addition, knowing that LTC could occur even at lower stress compared to the IDT strengths, ‘Creep to fail’ tests were performed to analyze the behavior of mixtures in such circumstances. Results showed that creep loads at extremely lower percentages of IDT strengths still fractured asphalt samples with output parameters offering valuable information on crack behavior under low temperature conditions. Time to fracture and crack speed parameters were shown to decrease 62% and increase 46% in thermally induced internal cracking samples.
Evaluation Of Indirect Tensile Test Idt Procedures For Low Temperature Performance Of Hot Mix Asphalt
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Author : Donald W. Christensen
language : en
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
Release Date : 2004
Evaluation Of Indirect Tensile Test Idt Procedures For Low Temperature Performance Of Hot Mix Asphalt written by Donald W. Christensen and has been published by Transportation Research Board this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Pavements, Asphalt categories.
Introduction and Research Approach -- Findings -- Interpretation, Appraisal, and Applications -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Appendixes.
Standard Test Method For Determining Thermal Cracking Properties Of Asphalt Mixtures Through Measurement Of Thermally Induced Stress And Strain
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Standard Test Method For Determining Thermal Cracking Properties Of Asphalt Mixtures Through Measurement Of Thermally Induced Stress And Strain written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Low Temperature Cracking
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Author : D. H. Jung
language : en
Publisher: National Research Council
Release Date : 1994
Low Temperature Cracking written by D. H. Jung and has been published by National Research Council this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This report describes the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST), which was selected to evaluate the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The TSRST system includes a load frame, step-motor-driven load ram, data acquisition hardware and software, temperature controller, and specimen alignment stand. An experiment design that considered a range of mixture and test condition variables was developed to evaluate the suitability of TSRST for characterizing low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. Four asphalts and two aggregates were selected for the experiment. The mixture variables included asphalt type, aggregate type, and air voids content; the test condition variables included specimen size, stress relaxation, aging, and cooling rate.
A Laboratory Study To Predict The Rutting And Fatigue Behavior Of Asphalt Concrete Using The Indirect Tensile Test
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Author : Haifang Wen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
A Laboratory Study To Predict The Rutting And Fatigue Behavior Of Asphalt Concrete Using The Indirect Tensile Test written by Haifang Wen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Engineering (General) categories.
Rutting, fatigue, moisture susceptibility, and thermal cracking are the primary distresses of asphalt pavement. Currently several test methods are used to predict the rutting and fatigue behavior of asphalt concrete. This study uses the indirect tensile (IDT) test to evaluate both the rutting and fatigue behavior of asphalt. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and virgin aggregate are blended at different percentages (0 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %) to produce mixes with a variety of fatigue and rutting performance. The IDT rutting test was performed by running high temperature IDT flow time and strength tests. In addition, flow number tests were performed using an asphalt mixture performance tester (AMPT). A strong correlation is observed between the high temperature IDT flow time/strength and flow number from AMPT. The test results show that IDT tests can be used to predict the rutting behavior of asphalt concrete at high temperatures. To characterize fatigue, cyclic IDT and monotonic fracture energy tests were performed at intermediate temperatures. At intermediate temperatures, good correlation is found between the fatigue life obtained from cyclic IDT test results and the fracture energy obtained from monotonic fracture test results. Based on the laboratory test results, the IDT test can be used to evaluate both the fatigue and rutting behavior of asphalt concrete. Considering that IDT testing has been used to characterize thermal cracking and moisture susceptibility, the IDT test has the potential to serve as a single performance test for fatigue, rutting, thermal cracking and moisture damage. Validation of the findings with more materials and field performance are recommended.
Low Temperature Cracking
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Author : Hannele K. Kanerva
language : en
Publisher: National Research Council
Release Date : 1994
Low Temperature Cracking written by Hannele K. Kanerva and has been published by National Research Council this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The purpose of the field validation program was to evaluate the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) as the accelerated performance test to predict low-temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures. Construction histories, cracking observations, and temperature data were collected for five test roads. In addition, a validation program was conducted at the United States Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The laboratory test program consisted of performing the TSRST on specimens fabricated in the laboratory with original materials from the test roads and asphalt concrete pavement specimens cut from the actual test sections. In addition, the field pavements were monitored for crack history and, where possible, crack initiation. TSRST fracture temperature correlated with field cracking temperature and crack frequency. TSRST results can be used to predict field low-temperature cracking of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Preliminary models to predict cracking frequency and temperature for the test roads were developed.
A Simple Test Procedure For Evaluating Low Temperature Crack Resistance Of Asphalt Concrete
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Author : Sang Soo Kim
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
A Simple Test Procedure For Evaluating Low Temperature Crack Resistance Of Asphalt Concrete written by Sang Soo Kim and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Pavements, Asphalt concrete categories.
The current means of evaluating the low temperature cracking resistance of HMA relies on extensive test methods that require assumptions about material behaviors and the use of complicated loading equipment. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a simple test method to directly measure the cracking resistance of hot mix asphalt under field-like conditions. A ring shape asphalt concrete cracking device (ACCD) was developed. ACCD utilizes the low thermal expansion coefficient of Invar steel to induce tensile stresses in a HMA sample as temperature is lowered. The results of the tests of the notched ring shaped specimens compacted around an ACCD Invar ring showed good repeatability with less than 1.0°C (1.8°F) standard deviation in cracking temperature. A laboratory validation indicated that ACCD results of five mixes correlate well with thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) results with the coefficient of determination , r2 = 0.86. To prepare a sample and complete TSRST measurement, it takes minimum 2-3 days. For ACCD, two samples can be easily prepared and tested in a single day with a small test set-up. The capacity of ACCD can be increased easily with minimal cost to accommodate a larger number of samples. Among factors affecting the low temperature performance of HMA, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of aggregate has been overlooked for years. A composite model of HMA is proposed to describe the low temperature cracking phenomenon. Due to the orthotropic and composite nature of asphalt pavement contraction during cooling, the effects of aggregate CTE is amplified up to 18 times for a typical HMA. Of 14 Ohio aggregates studied, the maximum and the minimum CTEs are 11.4 and 4.0 x 10-6/°C, respectively. During cooling, the contraction of Ohio aggregate with high CTE can double the thermal strain of asphalt binders in the asphalt mix and may cause asphalt pavement thermal cracking at warmer temperature.
Selection And Performance Evaluation Of A Test Method To Assess Thermal Cracking Resistance Of Asphalt Aggregate Mixtures
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Author : Duhwoe Jung
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Selection And Performance Evaluation Of A Test Method To Assess Thermal Cracking Resistance Of Asphalt Aggregate Mixtures written by Duhwoe Jung and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Pavements, Asphalt concrete categories.
Thermal distress in asphalt concrete pavements is a widespread problem around the world. Thermal cracking can be divided into two modes of distress: low temperature cracking and thermal fatigue cracking. Low temperature cracking results from extremely cold temperatures; thermal fatigue cracking results from daily temperature cycles. Low temperature cracking is attributed to tensile stresses induced in the asphalt concrete pavement as the temperature drops to an extremely low temperature. If the pavement is cooled, tensile stresses develop as a result of the pavement's tendency to contract. The friction between the pavement and the base layer resists the contraction. If the tensile stress equals the strength of the mixture at that temperature, a micro-crack develops at the surface of the pavement. Under repeated temperature cycles, the crack penetrates the full depth and across the asphalt concrete layer. The thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) was identified as an accelerated laboratory test to evaluate the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The TSRST system developed at OSU includes a load system, data control/acquisition system and software, temperature control system, and specimen alignment stand. The overall system is controlled by a personal computer. A TSRST is conducted by cooling an asphalt concrete specimen at a specified rate while monitoring the specimen at constant length. A typical thermally-induced stress curve is divided into two parts: relaxation and non-relaxation. The temperature at which the curve is divided into two parts is termed the transition temperature. The temperature at fracture is termed the fracture temperature and the maximum stress is the fracture strength. An extensive number of TSRSTs over a wide range of conditions were performed to investigate the thermal cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The TSRST results provided a very strong indication of low temperature cracking resistance for all mixtures considered. A ranking of mixtures for low temperature cracking resistance based on the TSRST fracture temperature was in excellent agreement with a ranking based on the physical properties of the asphalt cements. It is highly recommended that the TSRST be used in mix evaluation to identify low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The TSRST showed very promising results regarding the effect of all variables which are currently considered to affect the low temperature cracking of mixtures. The variables considered to have significant affect on the low temperature cracking resistance of mixtures in this study include asphalt type, aggregate type, degree of aging, cooling rate, and stress relaxation.
Low Temperature Cracking
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Author : D. H. Jung
language : en
Publisher: Strategic Highway Research Program (Shrp)
Release Date : 1994
Low Temperature Cracking written by D. H. Jung and has been published by Strategic Highway Research Program (Shrp) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Technology & Engineering categories.
A thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST) was developed to determine the thermal, or the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixes. The test system is capable of cooling an asphalt concrete specimen at a constant rate, while restraining the specimen from contraction and periodically measuring elapsed time, specimen surface temperature, and tensile load. TSRST's were performed on both short- and long-term aged specimens. Statistical analyses were performed on the test results. Rankings of asphalt concrete mixtures based on fracture temperature were compared to rankings based on fundamental properties of the asphalt cement.
Development Of The Shrp Superpave Mixture Specification Test Method To Control Thermal Cracking Performance Of Pavements
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Author : WG. Buttlar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Development Of The Shrp Superpave Mixture Specification Test Method To Control Thermal Cracking Performance Of Pavements written by WG. Buttlar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Asphalt emulsion mixtures categories.
The indirect tensile creep and failure test at low temperatures (ITLT) was selected by SHRP to control thermal cracking performance within the SUPERPAVE mixture design and analysis system. Fundamental viscoelastic properties and fracture parameters obtained from the test are used in the SUPERPAVE thermal cracking model to predict thermal cracking performance (cracking as a function of time) of asphalt pavements of variable thicknesses in different temperature regimes. This approach gives pavement and mixture designers the capability of determining not only that one mixture is better than another, but also quantifies how much better one mixture is than another in terms of its cracking performance. The background and principles used to identify this test method are presented in this paper along with the results of analytical and laboratory work conducted to identify specific test procedures. Comparisons between cracking predicted using ITLT test results and observed cracking in over 35 test sections in the United States and Canada have indicated that this test is suitable for control of thermal cracking of asphalt mixtures.