Walkability And Connectivity
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Walkability And Connectivity
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Author : Aateka Farah Shashank
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Walkability And Connectivity written by Aateka Farah Shashank and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The creation and replication of walkability indices uses geographic information systems (GIS) and warrants exploration of assumptions made implicit by different research disciplines. Most methods of measuring walkability variables - residential density, street connectivity, and land-use mix - lack contextual rationale for inclusion in walkability indices. Furthermore, walkability indices used in contemporary literature themselves are in conflict not only with each other, but also with human spatial behavior. This thesis first compares three walkability indices to make explicit the various ontologies that result as a consequence of choices and calculation of walkability variables. The second article then explores ontological distinctions between connectivity measures and their subsequent effects on methodology and interpretation. Given non-linear patterns of human mobility in activity spaces, this last part explores granular scales of connectivity measures that can better represent the built environment.
Walkable Neighborhoods
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Author : Koichiro Oka
language : en
Publisher: MDPI
Release Date : 2020-01-09
Walkable Neighborhoods written by Koichiro Oka and has been published by MDPI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-09 with Medical categories.
It is now widely recognized that individual-based motivational interventions alone are not sufficient to address the global pandemic of physical inactivity (lack of exercise and too much sitting time). There has been a growing interest in the effect the physically built environment can have on people’s active behaviors. The fundamental assumption is that surrounding physical environments can support active behaviors among a large number of people with long-term effects. This topic has received much attention over the last decade, mainly in the three fields of urban design, public health, and transportation. This Special Issue aims to provide multidisciplinary and evidence-based state-of-the-art research on how the locations where people live impact their active behaviors and health outcomes.
Walking To The Station
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Author : Ayse N. Ozbil
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Walking To The Station written by Ayse N. Ozbil and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Circumambulation categories.
The aim of this thesis is to help understand the impact of street network configuration on travel behavior by modeling pedestrian travel to/from rapid transit rail stations. The primary goal is to determine whether and to what extent street connectivity is related to transit walk-mode shares and walking distances after controlling for population density, land-use mix, household income, and car ownership. The data are drawn from all the stations of Atlanta's rapid transit network (MARTA). : The research shows that land-use mix and street connectivity around stations are significantly related to the decision to walk for transit. Importantly, the analysis reveals that station environments with higher street densities and more direct connections within 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mile radii are associated with higher proportion of walking shares among station patrons. Furthermore, the results of analyses for walk trip distances suggest that street networks with denser intersections and more linear alignments of road segments support greater walking distance thresholds.
Humanizing Cities Through Car Free City Development And Transformation
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Author : Doheim, Rahma M.
language : en
Publisher: IGI Global
Release Date : 2020-06-05
Humanizing Cities Through Car Free City Development And Transformation written by Doheim, Rahma M. and has been published by IGI Global this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-05 with Transportation categories.
The heavy dependency on private cars has shaped the design of cities. While offering fast, comfortable, and convenient commutes, cars have become the most popular method of transportation, but are also a health crisis due to the toxic emissions they release into the atmosphere as well as the high death toll from traffic accidents. For these reasons, there is a need to minimize the use of cars within cities in favor of greener and humanized urban design that would improve the quality of life and reduce the global threat of climate change. Humanizing Cities Through Car-Free City Development and Transformation is an essential publication that explores the concepts of car-free cities and city humanization as possible solutions to reduce the deteriorating effect on the environment and the community. The publication discusses the urban initiative to implement pedestrianization and humanization of cities and public spaces to promote the concept of car-free living. Featuring coverage on a wide range of topics including city humanization, smart mobility, and urban policies, this book is ideally designed for urban planners, environmentalists, government officials, policymakers, architects, transportation authorities, researchers, academicians, and students.
Walkable City Rules
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Author : Jeff Speck
language : en
Publisher: Island Press
Release Date : 2018-10-15
Walkable City Rules written by Jeff Speck and has been published by Island Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-15 with Architecture categories.
“Cities are the future of the human race, and Jeff Speck knows how to make them work.” —David Owen, staff writer at the New Yorker Nearly every US city would like to be more walkable—for reasons of health, wealth, and the environment—yet few are taking the proper steps to get there. The goals are often clear, but the path is seldom easy. Jeff Speck’s follow-up to his bestselling Walkable City is the resource that cities and citizens need to usher in an era of renewed street life. Walkable City Rules is a doer’s guide to making change in cities, and making it now. The 101 rules are practical yet engaging—worded for arguments at the planning commission, illustrated for clarity, and packed with specifications as well as data. For ease of use, the rules are grouped into 19 chapters that cover everything from selling walkability, to getting the parking right, escaping automobilism, making comfortable spaces and interesting places, and doing it now! Walkable City was written to inspire; Walkable City Rules was written to enable. It is the most comprehensive tool available for bringing the latest and most effective city-planning practices to bear in your community. The content and presentation make it a force multiplier for place-makers and change-makers everywhere.
Transportation Network Connectivity Facilities Encouraging Walkability And Crime
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Author : Floraliza B. Bornasal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Transportation Network Connectivity Facilities Encouraging Walkability And Crime written by Floraliza B. Bornasal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Crime categories.
This thesis explores the relationship between crime, transportation network connectivity, and engineered facilities built to increase walkability through a case study of twenty-five sites within the city of Spokane, Washington. Using data spanning between 2008 and 2010, the author developed a GIS model representing conditions of the built environment, social and economic demographics, and crime rates within the randomly chosen sites. A partial F-test revealed little to no evidence that the transportation network connectivity affected crime rates within the study sites. Using permutation tests, the author found that specific pedestrian facility infrastructure correlated to higher crime rates as defined for the specific study sites. In all, this research provided patterns between crime rates and transportation networks which may be further explored in future research.
Walkable City
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Author : Jeff Speck
language : en
Publisher: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Release Date : 2012-11-13
Walkable City written by Jeff Speck and has been published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-13 with Social Science categories.
Jeff Speck has dedicated his career to determining what makes cities thrive. And he has boiled it down to one key factor: walkability. The very idea of a modern metropolis evokes visions of bustling sidewalks, vital mass transit, and a vibrant, pedestrian-friendly urban core. But in the typical American city, the car is still king, and downtown is a place that's easy to drive to but often not worth arriving at. Making walkability happen is relatively easy and cheap; seeing exactly what needs to be done is the trick. In this essential new book, Speck reveals the invisible workings of the city, how simple decisions have cascading effects, and how we can all make the right choices for our communities. Bursting with sharp observations and real-world examples, giving key insight into what urban planners actually do and how places can and do change, Walkable City lays out a practical, necessary, and eminently achievable vision of how to make our normal American cities great again.
A Resident S Guide For Creating Safe And Walkable Communities
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Author : Laura Sandt
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2011
A Resident S Guide For Creating Safe And Walkable Communities written by Laura Sandt and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Health & Fitness categories.
This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. A walkable community is one where it is easy and safe to walk to goods and services. Walkable communities encourage pedestrian activity, expand transportation options, and have safe and inviting streets that serve people with different ranges of mobility. This guide is intended to assist residents, parents, and others in getting involved in making communities safer for pedestrians. The guide includes facts, ideas, and resources to help residents learn about traffic problems that affect pedestrians and find ways to help address these problems and promote pedestrian safety. The guide includes info. on identifying problems, taking action to address pedestrian concerns, finding solutions to improve pedestrian safety, and additional info. Illus.
Using Urban Triage To Plan For Walkability
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Author : Steven Holt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Using Urban Triage To Plan For Walkability written by Steven Holt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Literature shows that walkable neighborhoods have the potential to significantly decrease the carbon footprint of cities by lessening the need to drive, as well as providing many health, economic, and social benefits to society. The goal of this research, therefore, was to devise a practical strategy to create walkable places in the car-oriented city of Wichita, Kansas. A necessary component of this strategy is an "urban triage," described by Jeff Speck in Walkable City as identifying streets with the most existing potential and concentrating limited resources to their improvement (2012, 254). This report employed an urban triage of Wichita at two scales based on three central characteristics of walkability: urban fabric, dense street network and connectivity. Comparing block length and link to node ratio, I built a case for downtown, which is organized on a traditional grid of streets, over a typical shopping district organized around the more modern hierarchical pattern of streets. Within downtown, I further narrowed the study area primarily based on urban fabric, the degree to which streets are enclosed by buildings. I created a method to measure urban fabric, using aerial imagery and street views, taking into account the consistency of the street wall, height of buildings and foreground. The strongest complete corridor, in terms of urban fabric, and three potential links between that corridor and downtown's largest event space, became the study area for further analysis. A rubric, based on characteristics of walkability extrapolated from literature, served as the instrument to measure the attributes of each block in the study area. Each attribute, as well as the characteristics that they create, yielded a map, contrasting strong and weak blocks. This analysis provided the detailed information necessary to create an informed conceptual strategy to resolve these weaknesses. Selective building infill resolved gaps in the urban fabric, road diets and improved crossings restored modal balance to the street, and a new pedestrian corridor completed a broken street and activated an existing park.
A Behavioral Framework For Measuring Walkability And Its Impact On Home Values And Residential Location Choices
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Author : Fletcher Foti
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
A Behavioral Framework For Measuring Walkability And Its Impact On Home Values And Residential Location Choices written by Fletcher Foti and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Walking is underrepresented in large area models of urban behavior, largely due to difficulty in obtaining data and computational issues in representing land use at such a small scale. Recent advances in data availability, like the ubiquitous point-of-interest data collected by many private companies, as well as a worldwide dataset of local streets in OpenStreetMap, a standard format for obtaining transit schedules in GTFS, etc, provide the potential to build a scalable methodology to understand travel behavior at a pedestrian scale which can be applied wherever these datasets are available. In addition, the recent invention of fast network algorithms like Contraction Hierarchies greatly reduce related computational issues, as most network computations in this work are computable in less than a second. This thesis is a presentation of such a scalable methodology, which uses widely available datasets wherever possible, with computations that run quickly to encourage exploration of nuance in urban behavior and transparency of outcomes. Additionally, indexes like WalkScore have been widely studied in the literature recently, both to predict walking behavior and real estate home values. This dissertation takes the position that WalkScore does not sufficiently support the set of destinations it includes, the weights that are applied, the distance decay function, and most importantly does not account for variation in behavior based on the demographics of the traveler. It is also likely that the use of destinations like coffee shops and bookstores in the index measures a specific kind of walkability that embeds a certain kind of neighborhood into its definition. This dissertation improves on similar indexes like WalkScore by estimating a model that represents the substitution of destinations around a location and between the modes of walking, automobile, and transit. This model is estimated using the San Francisco Bay Area portion of the 2012 California Household Travel Survey to capture observed transportation behavior, and accounts for the demographics included in the survey. These representations of travel behavior can then be used as right-hand side variables in other urban models: for instance, to create a residential location choice model where measures of accessibility and available demographics are used to understand why people choose to live where they do. In all cases, location choice models - both destination choice and residential location choice - use a level of detail not common in the literature in order to accurately represent walkability. This dissertation proposes the concept of "street node geography" which uses the local street network to define the geography with which to perform aggregations in the city. In this conceptualization, land uses and other urban data are mapped to their nearest street intersections, and overlapping aggregations are performed along the street network up to a given horizon distance. This representation of urban space is equivalent to a voronoi diagram around the intersections of the local street network, and can be thought of as having automatically generated set of 226,000 micro-zones in the San Francisco Bay Area. Street node geography thus provides a novel compromise between detail and performance for the kinds of computations performed here. This dissertation is organized into four topics, one for each of chapters 2-5. The first topic establishes a framework for measuring the network of destination opportunities in the city for each of the walking, transit, and auto transportation modes. Destinations in the form of parcels and buildings, businesses, population, and points of interest are tied to each network so that the distance from each location to every destination can be computed by mode. The use of a points-of-interest dataset as the set of public-facing destinations is novel in the context of a traditional travel demand destination model. This chapter also creates a case study model of trip generation for home-based walking trips is the 2012 California Household Travel Survey. This model finds that WalkScore is predictive of walking trips, that residential density and 4-way intersections have an additional but small impact, and that regional access by the transit network has a synergistic effect on walking, but regional access by auto has no impact when controlling for regional access by transit. The second topic engages with the question of the impact of accessibility to local amenities on home values. Although early research has found that the composite index WalkScore is positively correlated with home values, this dissertation unpacks the impact of each category of destination used in WalkScore (as well as several others) on home values. The model shows that some amenities are far more predictive of home values in the datasets used here; in particular, cafes and coffee shops tend to be the indicator of neighborhood-scale urban fabric that has the largest positive relationship with home values, where a one standard deviation increase in access to cafes is associated with a 15\% increase in home values. Although the previous topic provides some evidence that walkable amenities are related to increased home values with the datasets analyzed here, it does not prove that households are valuing walking to these amenities; it is equally plausible that households are capitalizing short driving trips into increased home values. The third topic thus creates a nested mode-destination model for each trip purpose (with destinations nested into modes) so that the logsums of the lower nest give an absolute measure of the accessibility by mode for each purpose for each location in the region. These logsums are then weighted by the number of trips made for each purpose, and segmented by income and weighted by the incomes of the people that live at each location in the city. The result is an index based only on empirically observed behavior (in this case, the primary dataset is the 2012 CHTS) which is an absolute measure of walking behavior, not just of walkability. The methodology from this chapter yields an index for all three modes, and all indexes are included in the hedonic model described above. The model shows that a one standard deviation change in the auto index has the largest impact on home values, but that the walking index is positive, statistically significant, and almost as large. Although part of the reason for this finding might be that these neighborhoods are undersupplied, where they exist they are clearly in high demand. The fourth topic then engages with the question of how many people actually value walking when making the residential location choice decision. In this section, latent class choice models are used so that coefficients on the three mode-specific indexes (and other neighborhood descriptors) are allowed to change based on selection into unobserved classes. This can be thought of as a form of consumer preference segmentation for mode-specific accessibility. The model shows that there are three large segments present in the Bay Area. One that is young and moderately high-income that selects into the walkable neighborhoods of San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley (13\% of households), one that is transit-oriented and selects into the relatively less-expensive neighborhoods near BART but outside the urban core (37\% of households), and one that is composed of middle class families that prefers the idyllic suburbs outside San Francisco (50\% of households). Apparently about 50\% of Bay Area households value transit access, likely because BART allows commute access to the thriving labor market in the urban core (e.g. the SOMA neighborhood which is the target of so much venture capital in the region). The main research question explored by this methodology is the question of the size of the segment of the population that is positively affected by walking accessibility for the residential location choice and the results show that this segment exists but is of modest size. However, a major finding of this research is that for planning interventions that seek to increase travel by active modes, members of the transit-oriented segment might have the most latent potential to change their behavior. Perhaps creating denser and more walkable environments around the less expensive neighborhoods near BART stations in the region could relieve pressure on the San Francisco housing market as well as create walkable environments for the lower middle class that appear to be a major component of residential demand in the region. A ripe area for future research is to perform a gap analysis that compares neighborhoods that are high probability areas for each of the three classes presented here to test for the impact of increases in transit service and pedestrian infrastructure on both the residential location choice and travel behavior. Taking into account the heterogeneity of preferences explored here, the result of such a study would target the locations that could have the highest impact on sustainable behavior for the smallest amount of public investment.