T Cells In Physiology And Pathology
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T Cells In Physiology And Pathology
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Author : Xiaoli Wu
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-01-12
T Cells In Physiology And Pathology written by Xiaoli Wu and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-12 with Medical categories.
T Cell Specificity And Cross Reactivity Implications In Physiology And Pathology
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Author : Samuele Notarbartolo
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-03-07
T Cell Specificity And Cross Reactivity Implications In Physiology And Pathology written by Samuele Notarbartolo and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-07 with Medical categories.
Conventional CD8+ and CD4+ T cells recognize antigens, presented by antigen-presenting cells in the form of short peptides loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, through their T cell receptor (TCR). Somatic gene rearrangement of the TCR locus and randomization of TCR hyper-variable regions generate the marked diversity of TCRs. Once assembled, the heterodimeric TCR confers specificity to naïve T cells. The naïve T cell repertoire of an individual is established by selection processes in the thymus and cannot be broadened upon antigen recognition by additional somatic mutations. In humans, the estimated number of distinct TCRs in the naïve T cell pool is several orders of magnitude lower than the possible array of peptides that can be generated and accommodated into an MHC molecule. This challenge can be overcome by T cell cross-reactivity, that is the ability of a single TCR to bind multiple peptide-MHC complexes. T-cell cross-reactivity can have both positive and negative consequences. First, it allows for covering a wide range of foreign peptides with a limited repertoire of T cells. Second, it facilitates polyclonal immune responses to a single peptide and increases resistance to escape mutations. Third, it can induce heterologous immunity, that is the generation of memory to a pathogen different from the one against which the immune response has been originally raised. On the contrary, a negative consequence of T-cell cross-reactivity is the possibility of self-antigen recognition, potentially causing autoimmunity. The lower activation threshold of memory T-cells compared to naïve T-cells increases this risk, partially eluding the thymic negative selection checkpoint. Moreover, heterologous immunity can be detrimental when the type of memory T-cell polarization induced by the first pathogen is inappropriate to control the second pathogen.
Cytokines And Cytokine Receptors
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Author : Constantin A. Bona
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2001-03-07
Cytokines And Cytokine Receptors written by Constantin A. Bona and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-03-07 with Science categories.
The field of cytokine research is expanding at a rapid pace Contributions from the major leading groups in the world on the structure and biological properties of cytokine and cytokine receptors, as well as integrated reviews on cytokines in various physiological and pathological conditions were presented in three issues of International Reviews of Immunology This collection of articles provided a unique source of information However, important discoveries are emerging very rapidly and some of the reviews written in 1997 are already outdated In this book, the editors assemble reviews that have been updated by their authors to include all the recent publications and unpublished data from the authors' laboratories This volume should serve as an excellent reference source for all those concerned by the multiple faces of cytokines in basic research and in the clinic
Platelets As Immune Cells In Physiology And Immunopathology
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Author : Olivier Garraud
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-01-05
Platelets As Immune Cells In Physiology And Immunopathology written by Olivier Garraud and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-05 with Immunologic diseases. Allergy categories.
Are platelets cells? (Not everyone agrees, since they are non-nucleate). And if platelets are cells - which all specialists consider at the time being - are they immune cells? The issue that platelets participate in immunity is no longer debated; however, the issue that they are key cells in immunity is challenged. It has even been proposed a couple of years ago that platelets can present antigen to T-lymphocytes by using their HLA class I molecules. No one has the same functional definition of platelets. The ‘Frontiers Research Topic’- coordinators’ own view is that platelets are primarily repairing cells, what they do in deploying tools of physiological inflammation. This function is better acknowledged as primary hemostasis, i.e. platelet adherence to injured or wounded vessels, followed by activation, aggregation, and constitution of the initial clot. Platelets would thus repair damaged vascular endothelium; so doing, as they patrol to detect damages, they sense danger along the vascular arborescence. As the latter is immense, platelets get close to tissues, which are not allowed to them under ‘physiological’ conditions but are readily accessible in pathology. Platelets are equipped with a variety of Pathogen Recognition Receptors such as TLRs; they have a complete signalosome, which is functional until the phosphorylation of NFkB; they have been proved to retro-transcribe RNA and synthesize de novo proteins; etc. Platelets participate to inflammation along the whole spectrum: from physiological (tissue repair, healing) to acute/severe inflammation (as can be seen in e.g. sepsis). In general, platelets engage complex interactions with most infectious pathogens. We propose there to cover those topics - from physiology to pathology, that put platelets within cells that not only take place in-, but also are key players of-, innate immunity. The relation of platelets with adaptive immunity is even more complex. Not everyone is convinced that platelets present antigens; however, platelets influence adaptive immunity since they have mutual interactions with Dendritic cells, Monocytes/Macrophages, and B-lymphocytes (the key players of antigen presentation); they also have mutual interactions with T-lymphocytes, though is issue is less clearly deciphered. We propose to also cover these topics - or to present the forum. There is another issue which is medically relevant - speaking of physiology/physiopathology-: this is fetal maternal incompatibility of platelet specific antigens (the HPA system) and the likely formation of maternal antibodies that often injure the newborn with risks of severe thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage. We propose an update on this issue as well. Last, platelets are very special because they can be directly therapeutic (by transfusion), even when being offered by a generous blood donor displaying given genetic and phenotypic parameters to a patient/recipient in need, who also display his/her own genetic and phenotypic parameters, which - for a large part - differ from the donor's ones. Besides immunization - via mechanisms probably close to the fetal maternal platelet incompatibility, but likely not similar -, transfusion has allowed the identification of the tremendous capacity of platelets to mediate inflammation: we propose to conclude the Topics with this item/forum.
The Biology And Pathology Of Innate Immunity Mechanisms
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Author : Yona Keisari
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-07-06
The Biology And Pathology Of Innate Immunity Mechanisms written by Yona Keisari and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-07-06 with Medical categories.
In recent years increased scientific attention has been given to immediate defense mechanisms based on non-clonal recognition of microbial components. These mechanisms constitute the innate immunity arm of the body s defense. Identification of pathogens by these mechanisms involves primarily receptors recognizing sugar moieties of various microorganisms. Innate immunity based mechanisms are essential for the existence of multicellular organisms. They are evolutionarily conserved and designed to provide immediate protection against microbial pathogens to eradicate infection. Activation of innate immunity is crucial for transition to specific immunity and for its orientation, and to assist the specific immune response in the recognition of pathogens and their destruction. Innate immunity is regularly involved in the arrest of bacterial, mycotic, viral and parasitic infections, giving the specific immune response time to become effective. It becomes critically essential in immunocompromised patients who fail to mount specific immune responses due to congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies as a result of chemotherapy, dialysis, immunosuppressive drugs, or HIV infection. The Innate Immunity arsenal constitutes polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes, mast cells, the complement system, Natural Killer cells, antimicrobial peptides, and presumably a subset of T lymphocytes with TCRl receptors.
T Helper Cells
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Author : Ari Waisman
language : en
Publisher: Humana Press
Release Date : 2014-08-23
T Helper Cells written by Ari Waisman and has been published by Humana Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-23 with Medical categories.
T-Helper Cells: Methods and Protocols presents a broad selection of cutting edge protocols that will enable the reader to capture the unique features of TH cells with tools developed for the isolation of TH cells from various tissues and subsequent analysis of their functional properties in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Chapters cover methods of isolating T cells from various tissues in mice, protocols for the analysis of T cell function and phenotype using various cutting edge technologies, methods allowing for the manipulation of T cell function in vitro and in vivo and in vivo models of diseases in which T cells play a central role in the pathogenesis. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, T-Helper Cells: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve both professionals and novices with its well-honed methodologies in an effort to further the study of this amazingly versatile and potent cell type.
Lymphocyte Homing To The Skin
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Author : Wolf-Henning Boehncke
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2004-12-28
Lymphocyte Homing To The Skin written by Wolf-Henning Boehncke and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-12-28 with Medical categories.
Over the last decade, enormous progress in the understanding of T-cell homing has made it possible to identify the multitude of molecules involved, such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, and to unravel their complex interactions resulting in controlled, non-random T-cell recirculation. These insights are now being explored therapeutically, with several compounds close to approval. Highlighting key findings in the field, Lymphocyte Homing to the Skin: Immunology, Immunopathology, and Therapeutic Perspectives brings insight to the physiology and pathophysiology of T-cell homing as a process, as well as to the manipulation of this process for therapeutic benefit. The book begins with a review of the role of T-lymphocytes in skin biology, followed by coverage of the process of lymphocyte recruitment, and lymphocyte homing to the skin. Subsequent chapters describe in vitro techniques to investigate lymphocyte extravasation, in vivo methods to study lymphocyte homing to the skin, and cutaneous T-lymphocytic infiltrates in skin pathology. The text concludes with discussions on translating cutaneous T-cell recruitment to patients. Providing a timely update on T-cell homing, this book clarifies our understanding of this complex process and offers guidance on potential therapies. It fulfills the needs of those involved in skin biology, skin toxicology, and dermatology, and proposes new directions for innovative research.
Pathobiology Of Human Disease
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2014-08-01
Pathobiology Of Human Disease written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-01 with Medical categories.
Pathobiology of Human Disease bridges traditional morphologic and clinical pathology, molecular pathology, and the underlying basic science fields of cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology, which have opened up a new era of research in pathology and underlie the molecular basis of human disease. The work spans more than 48 different biological and medical fields, in five basic sections: Human Organ Systems Molecular Pathology/Basic Mechanisms of Diseases Animal Models/Other Model Systems Experimental Pathology Clinical Pathology Each article provides a comprehensive overview of the selected topic to inform a broad spectrum of readers from research professionals to advanced undergraduate students. Reviews quantitative advances in the imaging and molecular analysis of human tissue, new microarray technologies for analysis of genetic and chromosomal alterations in normal and diseased cells and tissues, and new transgenic models of human disease using conditional, tissue-specific gene targeting Articles link through to relevant virtual microscopy slides, illustrating side-by-side presentation of "Normal" and "Disease" anatomy and histology images Fully-annotated with many supplementary full color images, graphs, tables, and video files linked to data sets and to live references, enabling researchers to delve deeper and visualize solutions
Sodeman S Pathologic Physiology
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Author : William Anthony Sodeman
language : en
Publisher: W.B. Saunders Company
Release Date : 1985
Sodeman S Pathologic Physiology written by William Anthony Sodeman and has been published by W.B. Saunders Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Medical categories.
Glial Physiology And Pathophysiology
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Author : Alexei Verkhratsky
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-01-31
Glial Physiology And Pathophysiology written by Alexei Verkhratsky and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-31 with Medical categories.
Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology provides a comprehensive, advanced text on the biology and pathology of glial cells. Coverae includes: the morphology and interrelationships between glial cells and neurones in different parts of the nervous systems the cellular physiology of the different kinds of glial cells the mechanisms of intra- and inter-cellular signalling in glial networks the mechanisms of glial-neuronal communications the role of glial cells in synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival and development of nervous system the cellular and molecular mechanisms of metabolic neuronal-glial interactions the role of glia in nervous system pathology, including pathology of glial cells and associated diseases - for example, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Alexander disease and Parkinson's Neuroglia oversee the birth and development of neurones, the establishment of interneuronal connections (the 'connectome'), the maintenance and removal of these inter-neuronal connections, writing of the nervous system components, adult neurogenesis, the energetics of nervous tissue, metabolism of neurotransmitters, regulation of ion composition of the interstitial space and many, many more homeostatic functions. This book primes the reader towards the notion that nervous tissue is not divided into more important and less important cells. The nervous tissue functions because of the coherent and concerted action of many different cell types, each contributing to an ultimate output. This reaches its zenith in humans, with the creation of thoughts, underlying acquisition of knowledge, its analysis and synthesis, and contemplating the Universe and our place in it. An up-to-date and fully referenced text on the most numerous cells in the human brain Detailed coverage of the morphology and interrelationships between glial cells and neurones in different parts of the nervous system Describes the role og glial cells in neuropathology Focus boxes highlight key points and summarise important facts Companion website with downloadable figures and slides