30 Years Of The Comet Assay An Overview With Some New Insights
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30 Years Of The Comet Assay An Overview With Some New Insights
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Author : Amaya Azqueta
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-08-21
30 Years Of The Comet Assay An Overview With Some New Insights written by Amaya Azqueta and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-21 with Electrophoresis categories.
By means of this ‘Frontiers in Genetics’ research topic, we are celebrating 30 years of the Comet Assay. The first paper on this single-cell gel electrophoresis assay was published in 1984 by O. Ostling and K.J. Johanson (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Vol.123: 291-298). The comet assay is a versatile and sensitive method for measuring single - and double-strand breaks in DNA. By including lesion-specific enzymes in the assay, its range and sensitivity are greatly increased, but it is important to bear in mind that their specificity is not absolute. The comet assay (with and without inclusion of lesion-specific enzymes) is widely used as a biomarker assay in human population studies - primarily to measure DNA damage, but increasingly also to assess the capacity of cells for DNA repair. Ostling and Johanson (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1984) were also the first to report experiments to measure DNA repair, by simply following the decrease of DNA damage over time after challenging cells with ionising radiation. However, this approach is time-consuming and laborious as it requires an extended period of cell culture and is therefore not ideal for biomonitoring studies, which typically require high-throughput processing of many samples. As an alternative approach, the in vitro comet-based repair assay was developed: a cell extract is incubated with a DNA substrate containing specific lesions, and DNA incisions accumulate. The in vitro comet-based repair assay has been modified and improved over the past decade: it was first devised to measure base excision repair of oxidised purines in lymphocytes (Collins et al., Mutagenesis, 2001), but has since been adapted for other lesions and thus other repair pathways, as well as being applied to tissue samples in addition to cell suspensions. Even after 30 years, the comet assay is still in a growth phase, with many new users each year. Many questions are repeatedly raised, which may seem to have self-evident answers, but clearly, it is necessary to reiterate them for the benefit of the new audience, and sometimes being forced to think again about old topics can shed new light. Different applications of the comet assay are discussed in this special issue, including: genotoxicity testing in different organisms, human biomonitoring, DNA repair studies, environmental biomonitoring and clinical studies. Furthermore, we consider and where possible answer questions, including the ones raised by Raymond Tice at the 8th International Comet Assay Workshop in Perugia (Italy 2009): What is the spectrum of DNA damage detected by the various versions of the comet assay?; What are the limitations associated with each application?; What should be done to standardize the assay for biomonitoring studies?; Can the comet assay be used to monitor changes in global methylation status?; What cell types are suitable for detecting genotoxic substances and their effects in vivo and in vitro?; Can the assay be fully automated?; and more. So this ‘Frontiers in Genetics’ research topic is written for the beginner as well as for the experienced users of the comet assay.
A Clinician S Guide To Sperm Dna And Chromatin Damage
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Author : Armand Zini
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-03-05
A Clinician S Guide To Sperm Dna And Chromatin Damage written by Armand Zini and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-03-05 with Health & Fitness categories.
This comprehensive, up-to-date text, which brings together the key practical elements of the rapidly evolving field of sperm DNA and chromatin abnormalities, is divided thematically into five main sections. Part I discusses human sperm chromatin structure and nuclear architecture, while part II presents laboratory evaluation of sperm DNA damage, including SCSA, SCD, TUNEL and Comet assays, and cytochemical tests. Biological and clinical factors in the etiology of sperm DNA damage are discussed in part III, including oxidative stress, abortive apoptosis, cancer, and environmental and lifestyle factors. Part IV presents clinical studies on the utility of sperm DNA damage tests, both with natural and ART-assisted pregnancies, and debates the clinical utility of such tests. Finally, part V discusses current treatment options, such as antioxidant therapy, varicocelectomy, advanced sperm processing techniques and the use of testicular sperm. We are now beginning to better understand the unique organization of the sperm chromatin, as well as the nature and etiology of sperm DNA damage. Written and edited by worldwide experts in andrology, A Clinician's Guide to Sperm DNA and Chromatin Damage is an excellent resource for reproductive medicine and REI specialists, urologists, reproductive biologists and any professional working with the infertile male.
Environmental Health Risk
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Author : Marcelo Larramendy
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2016-06-16
Environmental Health Risk written by Marcelo Larramendy and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-06-16 with Science categories.
This book, Environmental Health Risk - Hazardous Factors to Living Species, is intended to provide a set of practical discussions and relevant tools for making risky decisions that require actions to reduce environmental health risk against environmental factors that may adversely impact human health or ecological balances. We aimed to compile information from diverse sources into a single volume to give some real examples extending concepts of those hazardous factors to living species that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields.
Biomarkers In Toxicology
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Author : Ramesh C Gupta
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2019-02-13
Biomarkers In Toxicology written by Ramesh C Gupta and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-13 with Medical categories.
Biomarkers in Toxicology, Second Edition, is a timely and comprehensive reference dedicated to all aspects of biomarkers that relate to chemical exposure and their effects on biological systems. This revised and completely updated edition includes both vertebrate and non-vertebrate species models for toxicological testing and the development of biomarkers. Divided into several key sections, this reference volume contains new chapters devoted to topics in microplastics, neuroimmunotoxicity and nutraceuticals, along with a look at the latest cutting-edge technologies used to detect biomarkers. Each chapter contains several references to current literature and important resources for further reading. Given this comprehensive treatment, this book is an essential reference for anyone interested in biomarkers across the scientific and biomedical fields. - Evaluates the expansive literature, providing one resource covering all aspects of toxicology biomarkers - Includes completely revised chapters, along with additional chapters on the newest developments in the field - Identifies and discusses the most sensitive, accurate, unique and validated biomarkers used as indicators of exposure - Covers special topics and applications of biomarkers, including chapters on molecular toxicology biomarkers, biomarker analysis for nanotoxicology, development of biomarkers for drug efficacy evaluation, and much more
Environmental Health Perspectives
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004-07
Environmental Health Perspectives written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-07 with Environmental health categories.
Alternatives To The Use Of Live Vertebrates In Biomedical Research And Testing
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Alternatives To The Use Of Live Vertebrates In Biomedical Research And Testing written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Animal experimentation categories.
Cosmetics
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Author : P. Elsner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Cosmetics written by P. Elsner and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
th Together with the 6 Amendment - Council Directive 93/35 EEC - to the Cosmetic Directive 76/768 EEC it was the first time that, according to Article 7b, special claims of efficacy could be legally attributed to cosmetic products but under the obligation to make evidence of the claimed effects; also an entirely new "controller" was introduced - the independent "safety assessor", This indeed means not only progress in reliable and honest marketing arguments but above all transparency as to the respective proof and thus protection of consumer's health. Such claims demand high standards in scientifi cally based methodology and their results in order to prove such demands evidently. There are also within the 6" Amendment to the Cosmetic Directive in Article 4a strict restrictions as to the further use of conventional animal testing for cosmetic pro ducts and their ingredients and especially for finished products. Without doubt there is a competition between the necessity and expectations on consumer health on the one hand and the requirements of acknowledged protection of animals as done in Council Directive 86/609 EEC on the other. But at least, based on the present state of knowledge, tests in human beings cannot replace animal testing in all instances. Not only ethical reasons alone prohibit or impede testing in humans but also very often the lack of knowledge on functional and/or biological processes underlaying observed effects with the consequence that suitable experimental methodologies are missing.
Microbial Applications
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Author : Vijai Kumar Gupta
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2016-12-05
Microbial Applications written by Vijai Kumar Gupta and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-05 with Medical categories.
Microbial applications encompass areas including biotechnology, chemical engineering, and alternative fuel development. Research on their technological developments cover many aspects of work using microbes as cell factories. The fields of biotechnology, chemical engineering, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and medical device development also employ these microbial products. There is an urgent need to integrate all these disciplines that caters to the need of all those who are interested to work in the area of microbial technologies. This book is a step forward to integrate the aforesaid frontline branches into an interdisciplinary research work quenching the academic as well as research thirst of all those concerned about microbes in the respective area of biotechnology, chemical engineering, and pharmaceuticals. All the chapters in this book are related to important research on microbial applications, written by international specialists for researchers and academics in the concerned disciplines. This publication aims to provide a detailed compendium of experimental work and information used to investigate different aspects of microbial technologies, their products as well as interdisciplinary interactions including biochemistry of metabolites, in a manner that reflects the recent developments of relevance to researchers/scientists investigating microbes.
Second International Conference On Environmental Mutagens In Human Populations
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Second International Conference On Environmental Mutagens In Human Populations written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Carcinogens categories.
Gamete And Embryo Selection
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Author : Denny Sakkas
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-07-24
Gamete And Embryo Selection written by Denny Sakkas and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-24 with Health & Fitness categories.
This book provides the Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) community an update of the fast approaching novel technologies that may allow improved assessment of the reproductive potential of sperm, oocytes and embryos. The reader has access to concise updates on the rapidly developing diagnostic technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and morphological methods which may help us better assess the gametes and embryos. Methodologies are described which enable selection of the best gamete or embryo by invasive and non-invasive diagnostics, as well as the clinical validity of these techniques.