3d Feature Extraction And Geometric Mappings For Improved Parameter Estimation In Forested Terrain Using Airborne Lidar Data
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3d Feature Extraction And Geometric Mappings For Improved Parameter Estimation In Forested Terrain Using Airborne Lidar Data
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Author : Heezin Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
3d Feature Extraction And Geometric Mappings For Improved Parameter Estimation In Forested Terrain Using Airborne Lidar Data written by Heezin Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
ABSTRACT: Scanning laser ranging technology is well suited for measuring point-to-point distances because of its ability to generate small beam divergences. As a result, many of the laser pulses emitted from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are able to reach the ground underneath tree canopies through small (10 cm scale) gaps in the foliage. Using high pulse rate lasers and fast optical scanners, airborne LiDAR systems can provide both high spatial resolution and canopy penetration, and these data have become more widely available in recent years for use in environmental and forestry applications. The small-footprint, discrete-return Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM) system at the University of Florida (UF) is used to directly measure ground surface elevations and the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the vegetative material above the soil surface. Field of view geometric mappings are explored to find optical gaps inside forests. First, a method is developed to detect walking trails in natural forests that are obscured from above by the canopy. Several features are derived from the ALSM data and used to constrain the search space and infer the location of trails. Second, a robust and simple procedure for estimating intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), which is an important measure of forest timber productivity and of daylight visibility in forested terrain, is presented. Simple scope functions that isolate the relevant LiDAR reflections between observer locations and the sun are defined and shown to give good agreement between the LiDAR-derived estimates and values of IPAR measured in situ. A conical scope function with an angular divergence from the centerline of "7° provided the best agreement with the in situ measurements.
Urban Informatics
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Author : Wenzhong Shi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-04-06
Urban Informatics written by Wenzhong Shi and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-06 with Social Science categories.
This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity.
Comparing Airborne Laser Scanning And Image Based Point Clouds By Semi Global Matching And Enhanced Automatic Terrain Extraction To Estimate Forest Timber Volume
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Author : Sami Ullah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Comparing Airborne Laser Scanning And Image Based Point Clouds By Semi Global Matching And Enhanced Automatic Terrain Extraction To Estimate Forest Timber Volume written by Sami Ullah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Forest Ecosystems
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Author : Juan A. Blanco
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2012-03-07
Forest Ecosystems written by Juan A. Blanco and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-07 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The common idea for many people is that forests are just a collection of trees. However, they are much more than that. They are a complex, functional system of interacting and often interdependent biological, physical, and chemical components, the biological part of which has evolved to perpetuate itself. This complexity produces combinations of climate, soils, trees and plant species unique to each site, resulting in hundreds of different forest types around the world. Logically, trees are an important component for the research in forest ecosystems, but the wide variety of other life forms and abiotic components in most forests means that other elements, such as wildlife or soil nutrients, should also be the focal point in ecological studies and management plans to be carried out in forest ecosystems. In this book, the readers can find the latest research related to forest ecosystems but with a different twist. The research described here is not just on trees and is focused on the other components, structures and functions that are usually overshadowed by the focus on trees, but are equally important to maintain the diversity, function and services provided by forests. The first section of this book explores the structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems, whereas the second section reviews the research done on ecosystem structure and functioning. The third and last section explores the issues related to forest management as an ecosystem-level activity, all of them from the perspective of the "other" parts of a forest.
Segmentation Based Filtering And Object Based Feature Extraction From Airborne Lidar Point Cloud Data
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Author : Jie Chang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Segmentation Based Filtering And Object Based Feature Extraction From Airborne Lidar Point Cloud Data written by Jie Chang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with DC-to-DC converters categories.
Three dimensional (3D) information about ground and above-ground features such as buildings and trees is important for many urban and environmental applications. Recent developments in Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) technology provide promising alternatives to conventional techniques for acquiring such information. The focus of this dissertation research is to effectively and efficiently filter massive airborne LiDAR point cloud data and to extract main above-ground features such as buildings and trees in the urban area. A novel segmentation algorithm for point cloud data, namely the 3D k mutual nearest neighborhood ( k MNN) segmentation algorithm, was developed based on the improvement to the k MNN clustering algorithm by employing distances in 3D space to define mutual nearest neighborhoods. A set of optimization strategies, including dividing dataset into multiple blocks and small size grids, and using distance thresholds in x and y, were implemented to improve the efficiency of the segmentation algorithm. A segmentation based filtering method was then employed to filter the generated segments, which first generates segment boundaries using Voronoi polygon and dissolving operations, and then labels the segments as ground and above-ground based on their size and relative heights to the surrounding segments. An object-based feature extraction approach was also devised to extract buildings and trees from the above-ground segments based on object-level statistics derived, which were subject to a rule based classification system developed by either human experts or an inductive machine-learning algorithm. Case studies were conducted with four different LiDAR datasets to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approaches. The proposed segmentation algorithm proved to be not only effective in separating ground and above-ground measurements into different segments, but also efficient in processing large datasets. The segmentation based filtering and object based feature extraction approaches have also demonstrated effectiveness in labeling the segments into ground and above-ground and in extracting buildings and trees from the above-ground segments. When incorporating spectral information from remote sensing imagery with the LiDAR data, the accuracy for feature extraction was further increased.
The Geographical Sciences During 1986 2015
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Author : Shuying Leng
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-07-28
The Geographical Sciences During 1986 2015 written by Shuying Leng and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-28 with Science categories.
In four chapters and an introduction, this book systematically helps readers understand the development of the Geographical Sciences both in China and in the world during the past 30 years. Through data analysis of methodologies including CiteSpace, TDA, qualitative analysis, questionnaires, data mining and mathematical statistics, the book explains the evolution of research topics and their driving factors in the Geographical Sciences and its four branches, namely Physical Geography, Human Geography, Geographical Information Science and Environmental Geography. It also identifies the role of the Geographical Sciences in the analysis of strategic issues such as global change and terrestrial ecosystems, terrestrial water cycle and water resources, land change, global cryosphere evolution and land surface processes on the Tibetan Plateau, economic globalization and local responses, regional sustainable development, remote sensing modelling and parameter inversion, spatial analysis and simulation, and tempo-spatial processes and modelling of environmental pollutants. It then discusses research development and inadequacy of Chinese Geographical Sciences in the above-mentioned topics, as well as in the fields including Geomorphology and Quaternary environmental change, Ecohydrology, ecosystem services, the urbanization process and mechanism, medical and health geography, international rivers and transboundary environment and resources, detection and attribution of changes in land surface sensitive components, and uncertainty of spatial information and spatial analysis. It shows that the NSFC has driven the development in all these topics and fields. In addition, the book summarises trends of the Geographical Sciences in China and the research level in major countries of the world through an overview of geographical education in colleges and universities, the analysis of publications, citations and author networks of SCI/SSCI and CSCD indexed articles, and the description of Sino-USA, Sino-UK and Sino-German cooperation. This book serves as an important reference to anyone interested in geographical sciences and related fields.
Laser Scanning Systems In Highway And Safety Assessment
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Author : Biswajeet Pradhan
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-04-02
Laser Scanning Systems In Highway And Safety Assessment written by Biswajeet Pradhan and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book aims to promote the core understanding of a proper modelling of road traffic accidents by deep learning methods using traffic information and road geometry delineated from laser scanning data. The first two chapters of the book introduce the reader to laser scanning technology with creative explanation and graphical illustrations, review and recent methods of extracting geometric road parameters. The next three chapters present different machine learning and statistical techniques applied to extract road geometry information from laser scanning data. Chapters 6 and 7 present methods for modelling roadside features and automatic road geometry identification in vector data. After that, this book goes on reviewing methods used for road traffic accident modelling including accident frequency and injury severity of the traffic accident (Chapter 8). Then, the next chapter explores the details of neural networks and their performance in predicting the traffic accidents along with a comparison with common data mining models. Chapter 10 presents a novel hybrid model combining extreme gradient boosting and deep neural networks for predicting injury severity of road traffic accidents. This chapter is followed by deep learning applications in modelling accident data using feed-forward, convolutional, recurrent neural network models (Chapter 11). The final chapter (Chapter 12) presents a procedure for modelling traffic accident with little data based on the concept of transfer learning. This book aims to help graduate students, professionals, decision makers, and road planners in developing better traffic accident prediction models using advanced neural networks.
On Feature Extraction From Large Scale Linear Lidar Data
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Author : Partha Pratim Acharjee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
On Feature Extraction From Large Scale Linear Lidar Data written by Partha Pratim Acharjee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Algorithms categories.
Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can generate co-registered elevation and intensity map over large terrain. The co-registered 3D map and intensity information can be used efficiently for different feature extraction application. In this dissertation, we developed two algorithms for feature extraction, and usages of features for practical applications. One of the developed algorithms can map still and flowing waterbody features, and another one can extract building feature and estimate solar potential on rooftops and facades. Remote sensing capabilities, distinguishing characteristics of laser returns from water surface and specific data collection procedures provide LiDAR data an edge in this application domain. Furthermore, water surface mapping solutions must work on extremely large datasets, from a thousand square miles, to hundreds of thousands of square miles. National and state-wide map generation/upgradation and hydro-flattening of LiDAR data for many other applications are two leading needs of water surface mapping. These call for as much automation as possible. Researchers have developed many semi-automated algorithms using multiple semi-automated tools and human interventions. This reported work describes a consolidated algorithm and toolbox developed for large scale, automated water surface mapping. Geometric features such as flatness of water surface, higher elevation change in water-land interface and, optical properties such as dropouts caused by specular reflection, bimodal intensity distributions were some of the linear LiDAR features exploited for water surface mapping. Large-scale data handling capabilities are incorporated by automated and intelligent windowing, by resolving boundary issues and integrating all results to a single output. This whole algorithm is developed as an ArcGIS toolbox using Python libraries. Testing and validation are performed on a large datasets to determine the effectiveness of the toolbox and results are presented. Significant power demand is located in urban areas, where, theoretically, a large amount of building surface area is also available for solar panel installation. Therefore, property owners and power generation companies can benefit from a citywide solar potential map, which can provide available estimated annual solar energy at a given location. An efficient solar potential measurement is a prerequisite for an effective solar energy system in an urban area. In addition, the solar potential calculation from rooftops and building facades could open up a wide variety of options for solar panel installations. However, complex urban scenes make it hard to estimate the solar potential, partly because of shadows cast by the buildings. LiDAR-based 3D city models could possibly be the right technology for solar potential mapping. Although, most of the current LiDAR-based local solar potential assessment algorithms mainly address rooftop potential calculation, whereas building facades can contribute a significant amount of viable surface area for solar panel installation. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm to calculate solar potential of both rooftop and building facades. Solar potential received by the rooftops and facades over the year are also investigated in the test area.
Topographic Laser Ranging And Scanning
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Author : Jie Shan
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-02-19
Topographic Laser Ranging And Scanning written by Jie Shan and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive discussion of topographic LiDAR principles, systems, data acquisition, and data processing techniques. This edition presents an introduction and summary of various LiDAR systems and their principles and addresses the operational principles of the different components and ranging methods of LiDAR systems. It discusses the subsequent geometric processing of LiDAR data, with particular attention to quality, accuracy, and meeting standards and addresses the theories and practices of information extraction from LiDAR data, including terrain surface generation, forest inventory, orthoimage generation, building reconstruction, and road extraction. Written by leaders in the field, this comprehensive compilation is a must-have reference book for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring or working in diverse disciplines, such as geomatics, geodesy, natural resources, urban planning, computer vision, and computer graphics. It is also vital resource for researchers who are interested in developing new methods and need in-depth knowledge of laser scanning and data processing and other professionals may gain the same from the broad topics addressed in this book. New in the Second Edition: A comprehensive array of new laser ranging and scanning technologies. Developments in LiDAR data format and processing techniques. Regrouping of surface modeling, representations and reconstruction. Enhanced discussions on the principles and fundamentals beyond small-footprint pulsed laser systems and new application examples. Many new examples and illustrations.
Geomatica
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Geomatica written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Cartography categories.