A Century Of Sovereign Ratings
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A Century Of Sovereign Ratings
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Author : Norbert Gaillard
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-09-21
A Century Of Sovereign Ratings written by Norbert Gaillard and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-21 with Business & Economics categories.
The financial difficulties experienced by Greece since 2009 serve as a reminder that countries (i.e., sovereigns) may default on their debt. Many observers considered the financial turmoil was behind us because major advanced countries had adopted stimulus packages to prevent banks from going bankrupt. However, there are rising doubts about the creditworthiness of several advanced countries that participated in the bailouts. In this uncertain context, it is particularly crucial to be knowledgeable about sovereign ratings. This book provides the necessary broad overview, which will be of interest to both economists and investors alike. Chapter 1 presents the main issues that are addressed in this book. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide the key notions to understand sovereign ratings. Chapter 2 presents an overview of sovereign rating activity since the first such ratings were assigned in 1918. Chapter 3 analyzes the meaning of sovereign ratings and the significance of rating scales; it also describes the refinement of credit rating policies and tools. Chapter 4 focuses on the sovereign rating process. Chapters 5 and 6 open the black box of sovereign ratings. Chapter 5 compares sovereign rating methodologies in the interwar years with those in the modern era. After examining how rating agencies have amended their methodologies since the 1990s, Chapter 6 scrutinizes rating disagreements between credit rating agencies (CRAs). Chapters 7 and 8 measure the performances of sovereign ratings by computing default rates and accuracy ratios: Chapter 7 looks at the interwar years and Chapter 8 at the modern era. The two chapters assess which CRA assigns the most accurate ratings during the respective periods. Chapters 9 and 10 compare the perception of sovereign risk by the CRAs and market participants. Chapter 9 focuses on the relation between JP Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index Global spreads and emerging countries’ sovereign ratings for the period 1993–2007. Chapter 10 compares the eurozone members’ sovereign ratings with Credit Default Swap-Implied Ratings (CDS-IRs) during the Greek debt crisis of November 2009–May 2010.
A Century Of Sovereign Ratings
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011-09-21
A Century Of Sovereign Ratings written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-21 with categories.
Regulating Credit Rating Agencies
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Author : Aline Darbellay,
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2013-09-30
Regulating Credit Rating Agencies written by Aline Darbellay, and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-30 with Business & Economics categories.
øŠAline Darbellay analyzes the obvious system relevance of credit rating agencies in depth and assesses the possible options for regulatory responses to this systemic issue. Thereby, the book is based on a fruitful comparative legal approach and formul
Reputation And International Cooperation
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Author : Michael Tomz
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2012-01-09
Reputation And International Cooperation written by Michael Tomz and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-09 with Political Science categories.
How does cooperation emerge in a condition of international anarchy? Michael Tomz sheds new light on this fundamental question through a study of international debt across three centuries. Tomz develops a reputational theory of cooperation between sovereign governments and foreign investors. He explains how governments acquire reputations in the eyes of investors, and argues that concerns about reputation sustain international lending and repayment. Tomz's theory generates novel predictions about the dynamics of cooperation: how investors treat first-time borrowers, how access to credit evolves as debtors become more seasoned, and how countries ascend and descend the reputational ladder by acting contrary to investors' expectations. Tomz systematically tests his theory and the leading alternatives across three centuries of financial history. His remarkable data, gathered from archives in nine countries, cover all sovereign borrowers. He deftly combines statistical methods, case studies, and content analysis to scrutinize theories from as many angles as possible. Tomz finds strong support for his reputational theory while challenging prevailing views about sovereign debt. His pathbreaking study shows that, across the centuries, reputations have guided lending and repayment in consistent ways. Moreover, Tomz uncovers surprisingly little evidence of punitive enforcement strategies. Creditors have not compelled borrowers to repay by threatening military retaliation, imposing trade sanctions, or colluding to deprive defaulters of future loans. He concludes by highlighting the implications of his reputational logic for areas beyond sovereign debt, further advancing our understanding of the puzzle of cooperation under anarchy.
Regulating Credit Rating Agencies
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Author : Aline Darbellay
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2013
Regulating Credit Rating Agencies written by Aline Darbellay and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Credit bureaus categories.
This highly topical book examines how the leading credit rating agencies - Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch - have risen to prominence in the wake of the financial crisis. It investigates how the Big Three have become ever more profitable even though the quality of their ratings has declined and rating scandals have tarnished their reputation. After a century of being left quasi-unregulated the rating industry is now subject to sweeping reforms. This informative study analyzes the post-crisis overhaul in the United States and the European Union. The focus lies on the interactions between regulatory intervention and competitive incentives among the Big Three. This book highlights the challenges faced by policymakers trying to regulate the rating industry and simultaneously decrease over-reliance on ratings. Regulating Credit Rating Agencies will appeal to academics in law and economics, practitioners, policymakers, lawmakers and regulators. Contents Foreword Part I: Prelude to the Credit Rating Industry 1. Introduction 2. History of Credit Rating Agencies 3. Description of the Credit Rating Industry Part II: Regulatory Structure 4. Rating-based Regulations 5. Regulatory Treatment of Credit Rating Agencies 6. Regulatory Trends Part III: Uses and Abuses of Credit Ratings in Structured Finance 7. Growth of the Structured Finance Segment 8. Wrong Incentives in the Credit Rating Industry 9. Regulatory Response to the Problems of Structured Finance Ratings Part IV: System-wide Effects of Credit Rating Downgrades 10. System-relevance of Credit Ratings 11. Market Reactions to Credit Rating Downgrades and their Consequences 12. Regulatory Response to the Systemic Issue Part V: Trends and Outlook 13. Restoring Competition in the Credit Rating Industry 14. Concluding Remarks Bibliography Index
Sovereign Ceilings Lite The Impact Of Sovereign Ratings On Corporate Ratings
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Author : Eduardo Borensztein
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Sovereign Ceilings Lite The Impact Of Sovereign Ratings On Corporate Ratings written by Eduardo Borensztein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Shadow Sovereign Ratings For Unrated Developing Countries
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Author : Dilip Ratha
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2007
Shadow Sovereign Ratings For Unrated Developing Countries written by Dilip Ratha and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Access to Finance categories.
The authors attempt to predict sovereign ratings for developing countries that do not have risk ratings from agencies such as Fitch, Moody's, and Standard and Poor's. Ratings affect capital flows to developing countries through international bond, loan and equity markets. Sovereign rating also acts as a ceiling for the foreign currency rating of sub-sovereign borrowers. As of the end of 2006, however, only 86 developing countries have been rated by the rating agencies. Of these, 15 countries have not been rated since 2004. Nearly 70 developing countries have never been rated. The results indicate that the unrated countries are not always at the bottom of the rating spectrum. Several unrated poor countries appear to have a 'B' or higher rating, in a similar range as the emerging market economies with capital market access. Drawing on the literature, the analysis presents a stylized relationship between borrowing costs and the credit rating of sovereign bonds. The launch spread rises as the credit rating deteriorates, registering a sharp rise at the investment grade threshold. Based on these findings, a case can be made in favor of helping poor countries obtain credit ratings not only for sovereign borrowing, but for sub-sovereign entities' access to international debt and equity capital. The rating model along with the stylized relationship between spreads and ratings can be useful for securitization and other financial structures, and for leveraging official aid, for improving borrowing terms in poor countries.
Country Risk
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Author : Norbert Gaillard
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-07-06
Country Risk written by Norbert Gaillard and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-06 with Business & Economics categories.
Country risk has been a key notion for economists, financiers, and investors. Norbert Gaillard defines this notion as “any macroeconomic, microeconomic, financial, social, political, institutional, judiciary, climatic, technological, or sanitary risk that affects (or could affect) an investor in a foreign country. Damages may materialize in several ways: financial losses; threat to the safety of the investing company’s employees, clients, or consumers; reputational damage; or loss of a market or supply source.” Chapter 1 introduces the key concepts. Chapter 2 investigates how country risk has evolved and manifested since the advent of the Pax Britannica in 1816. It describes the international political and economic environment and identifies the main obstacles to foreign investment. Chapter 3 documents the numerous forms that country risk may take and provides illustrations of them. Seven broad components of country risk are scrutinized in turn: international political risks; domestic political and institutional risks; jurisdiction risks; macroeconomic risks; microeconomic risks; sanitary, health, industrial, and environmental risks; and natural and climate risks. Chapter 4 focuses on sovereign risk. It presents the rating methodologies used by four raters; next, it measures and compares their performance (i.e., their ability to forecast sovereign defaults). Chapter 5 studies the risks likely to affect exporters, importers, foreign creditors of corporate entities, foreign shareholders, and foreign direct investors. It presents the rating methodologies used by seven raters and measures their track records in terms of anticipating eight types of shocks that reflect the main components of country risk analyzed in Chapter 3. This book will be most relevant to graduate students in economics as well as professional economists and international investors.
Sovereign Credit Rating
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Author : Ahmed Naciri
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2016-12-19
Sovereign Credit Rating written by Ahmed Naciri and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-19 with Business & Economics categories.
The current degradation of sovereign balance sheets raises very real concerns about how sovereign creditworthiness is measured by credit rating agencies. Given the disastrous economic and social effects of any downgrade, the book offers an alternative and calls for more transparency about the quantitative measures used in calibrating the rating process and how sovereign ratings are validated. It argues that oversight is required and procedures improved, including subjecting methodologies of assessing default to more standardization and monitoring. Sovereign Credit Rating explains the process of sovereign creditworthiness assessment and explores the consequences of possible inaccuracies in the process. Developing an innovative new methodology to assess ratings accuracy, it shows that the announcement of each rating action by the major credit rating agencies show alarming inconsistencies. Written by an internationally recognized author and professor, this unique book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in corporate governance, accounting, public finance and regulation.
This Time Is Different
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Author : Carmen M. Reinhart
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2011-08-07
This Time Is Different written by Carmen M. Reinhart and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-07 with Business & Economics categories.
An empirical investigation of financial crises during the last 800 years.