A Data Structure For The Geography Of Community Exposure To Air Pollution
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A Data Structure For The Geography Of Community Exposure To Air Pollution
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Author : Steven Zachary Sidawi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
A Data Structure For The Geography Of Community Exposure To Air Pollution written by Steven Zachary Sidawi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Guide To Programs Of Geography In The United States And Canada
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Guide To Programs Of Geography In The United States And Canada written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Geography categories.
The Geography Of Long Term Exposure To Particulate Matter 2 5 And Covid 19 Mortality An Assessment Of The Fragility And Spatial Sensitivity Of A Significant Finding
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Author : Jennifer Badger
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
The Geography Of Long Term Exposure To Particulate Matter 2 5 And Covid 19 Mortality An Assessment Of The Fragility And Spatial Sensitivity Of A Significant Finding written by Jennifer Badger and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Air pollution is directly linked to death. In December 2020, a UK coroner ruled that air pollution was the cause of a fatal asthma attack that led to the 2013 death of nine-year-old Ella Adoo-Kissi Debrah who lived adjacent to a busy motorway (BBC News, 2022). The assignment of air pollution as the official cause of death on a death certificate was the first of its kind in the world (Reynolds, 2020). Though this was the first official assignment of air pollution as a cause of death, there are numerous studies linking air pollution exposure with mortality all over the world. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the air pollutant PM 2.5 was identified as the "largest environmental risk factor in the United States" (Goodkind et al. 2019, p. 8780) and the cause of more annual premature deaths than traffic accidents and homicides combined (Goodkind et al. 2019). With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers began assessing the impact of air pollution exposure on COVID-19 incidence and death. In a widely received, nationwide study linking air pollution exposure to COVID-19 mortality, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health researchers, Wu et al., produced significant findings linking the impact of long term exposure to PM 2.5 to COVID-19 mortality across the contiguous United States. This 2020 study, published in ScienceAdvances, has been cited over 600 times, covered by 131 news outlets and downloaded over 15,000 times. Georeferenced data is routinely used in public health research such as this, however, the substantive influence of geography in the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable is often not considered in the model specifications, research design, nor the sampling strategy (Goldhagen et al., 2005; Matisziw, Grubesic, and Wei 2008). Additionally, the mechanism of data aggregation to an administrative unit may spatially misrepresent the data (Delmelle et al., 2022). As air pollution is a local, regional, and transboundary phenomenon (Nordenstam et. al, 1998; Goodkind, 2019), spatial autocorrelation, or spatially similar values, in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 among U.S. counties is likely. Despite the inclusion of maps indicating strong spatial trends in the long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 mortality, the possible presence of spatial autocorrelation at the local level or spatial heterogeneity at the regional level was not investigated by the authors. Epidemiological studies invoking large, areal units may misrepresent the underlying, spatial processes of environmental health-hazards and produce unreliable treatment effect estimates when relating air pollution exposure to disease (Fotheringham and Wong, 1991; Kolak and Anselin, 2019). In this thesis, the fragility of the Wu et al. treatment effect estimate to unobserved confounding is assessed utilizing an alternative sensitivity analysis framework. This framework revealed that the estimate derived by Wu et al. (2020) is much more fragile to confounding than reported by the authors. Spatial analysis was then applied to investigate the possibility of spatial regimes (e.g. hotspots) in the treatment and outcome variables which may contribute to biased or inefficient treatment effect estimates. Strong levels of spatial autocorrelation and regional spatial heterogeneity in the long term exposure to PM 2.5, and to a lesser extent in the COVID-19 mortality rate, were confirmed by both computational and exploratory spatial data analysis. The highly variable associations between long term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 Mortality per U.S. Census Region or EPA Climatically Consistent Region delivered the expected result that the relationship between the treatment and outcome variable changes with changes in the sub-National definition of place. An understanding of the geography of the ubiquitous, locally variable and far-reaching PM 2.5, and its related health-hazard risks can contribute to an uncovering of the politics, power relations, and socioenvironments that coproduce differential access to clean air and the resulting uneven health burdens experienced by Black, LatinX, Asian-American, and immigrant communities. This is an essential step towards disentangling the relationships rendering clean air no longer an "open-access good" (V ron, 2006).
Uncertainty And Context In Giscience And Geography
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Author : Yongwan Chun
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-05-13
Uncertainty And Context In Giscience And Geography written by Yongwan Chun and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-13 with Science categories.
Uncertainty and context pose fundamental challenges in GIScience and geographic research. Geospatial data are imbued with errors (e.g., measurement and sampling) and various types of uncertainty that often obfuscate any understanding of the effects of contextual or environmental influences on human behaviors and experiences. These errors or uncertainties include those attributable to geospatial data measurement, model specifications, delineations of geographic context in space and time, and the use of different spatiotemporal scales and zonal schemes when analyzing the effects of environmental influences on human behaviors or experiences. In addition, emerging sources of geospatial big data – including smartphone data, data collected by GPS, and various types of wearable sensors (e.g., accelerometers and air pollutant monitors), volunteered geographic information, and/ or location- based social media data (i.e., crowd- sourced geographic information) – inevitably contain errors, and their quality cannot be fully controlled during their collection or production. Uncertainty and Context in GIScience and Geography: Challenges in the Era of Geospatial Big Data illustrates how cutting- edge research explores recent advances in this area, and will serve as a useful point of departure for GIScientists to conceive new approaches and solutions for addressing these challenges in future research. The seven core chapters in this book highlight many challenges and opportunities in confronting various issues of uncertainty and context in GIScience and geography, tackling different topics and approaches. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the International Journal of Geographical Information Science.
Environmental Health Perspectives
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Environmental Health Perspectives written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Environmental health categories.
Urban Climates
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Author : T. R. Oke
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-09-14
Urban Climates written by T. R. Oke and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-14 with Nature categories.
The first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates, suitable for students and researchers alike.
Spatial Analysis In Health Geography
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Author : Pavlos Kanaroglou
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-03-09
Spatial Analysis In Health Geography written by Pavlos Kanaroglou and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-09 with Science categories.
Presenting current research on spatial epidemiology, this book covers topics such as exposure, chronic disease, infectious disease, accessibility to health care settings and new methods in Geographical Information Science and Systems. For epidemiologists, and for the management and administration of health care settings, it is critical to understand the spatial dynamics of disease. For instance, it is crucial that hospital administrators develop an understanding of the flow of patients over time, especially during an outbreak of a particular disease, so they can plan for appropriate levels of staffing and to carry out adaptive prevention measures. Furthermore, understanding where and why a disease occurs at a certain geographic location is vital for decision makers to formulate policy to increase the accessibility to health services (either by prevention, or adding new facilities). Spatial epidemiology relies increasingly on new methodologies, such as clustering algorithms, visualization and space-time modelling, the domain of Geographic Information Science. Implementation of those techniques appears at an increasing pace in commercial Geographic Information Systems, alongside more traditional techniques that are already part of such systems. This book provides the latest methods in GI Science and their use in health related problems.
Community Research In Environmental Health
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Author : H. Patricia Hynes
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-05-15
Community Research In Environmental Health written by H. Patricia Hynes and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-15 with Social Science categories.
Interest in environmental health research conducted with community participation has increased dramatically in recent years. In this book, Doug Brugge and H. Patricia Hynes relate experience of multiple community collaborations across the United States and highlight the lessons to be learned for those involved in or embarking on community-collaborative research. The volume brings together a variety of cases, examining the nature and form that the collaboration took, the scientific findings from the work and the ethical issues that needed to be addressed. Actual cases covered include lead contaminated soil, asthma and housing conditions, the impact of development on environmental health, the impact of radiation hazards, urban gardening, hog farming and diesel exhaust. The concluding section analyses the experiences of those involved and puts their findings into broader context. Community Research in Environmental Health: Lessons in Science, Advocacy and Ethics provides a valuable guide for all those interested and involved in community research.
Assessment Of Personal Exposure To Air Pollution Based On Trajectory Data
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Author : Guixing Wei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Assessment Of Personal Exposure To Air Pollution Based On Trajectory Data written by Guixing Wei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Air categories.
Air pollution has been among the biggest environmental risks to human health. Exposure assessment to air pollution is essentially a procedure to quantify the degree to which people get exposed to hazardous air pollution. Exposure assessment is also a critical step in health-related studies exploring the relationship between personal exposure to environmental stressors and adverse health outcomes. Given the critical role of exposure assessment, it is important to accurately quantify and characterize personal exposure in geographic space and time. For years numerous exposure assessment methods have been developed with respect to a wide spectrum of air pollutants. Of all the methods, the most commonly used one is to use a representative geographic unit as the surrogate location to estimate the potential impact from hazardous air pollution from differing sources on that location. The representative unit is one person's home location in most cases. Such studies, however, have failed to recognize the significance of both the dynamics of human activities and the variation of air pollution in geographic space and time. It is believed that personal exposure is essentially a function of space and time as an individual's time-activity patterns and intensities of air pollutant in question vary over space and time. It is therefore imperative to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both in exposure assessment. To this end, the goal of this study is to account for the spatiotemporal dynamics of both human time-activity patterns and air pollution for assessing personal exposure. More specifically this dissertation aims to achieve three objectives as summarized below. First, in light of the deficiency of existing home-based exposure assessment methods, this study proposes an innovative trajectory-based model for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution. This model provides a computational framework for assessing personal exposure when trajectories, documenting human spatiotemporal activities, are modeled into a series of tours, microenvironments (MEs), and visits. A set of individual-level trajectories was simulated to test the performance of the proposed model, in conjunction with one-day air pollution (PM2.5) data in Beijing, China. The results from the test demonstrated that the trajectory-based model is capable of capturing the spatiotemporal variation of personal exposure, thus providing more accurate, detailed and enriched information to better understand personal exposure. The findings indicate that there is considerable variation in intra-microenvironment and inter-microenvironment exposure, which identified the importance of distinguishing between different MEs. Moreover, this study tested the proposed model using an empirical dataset. Second, little is known about the difference between the estimated exposure based on home locations only and that considering the locations of all human activities. To fill this gap, this study aims to test whether the exposure calculated from the home-based method is statistically significantly different from the exposure estimated by the newly developed trajectory-based model. A Dataset containing 4,000 individual-level one-day trajectories (Dataset 1) was simulated to test the aforementioned hypothesis. The exposure estimates in comparison are the average hourly exposure over a 24-hour period from two exposure assessment methods. The 4,000 trajectories were split into another two subsets (Datasets 2, 3) according to the difference between home-based exposure estimates and trajectory-based exposure estimates. The Wilcoxon Signed-rank test was used to evaluate whether the difference between the two models is significant. The results show that the statistically significant difference was found only in Dataset 3. The same test was also applied to a set of empirical trajectories. The significant difference exists in the results from the empirical data. The mixed results suggest that additional research is needed to verify the difference between the two exposure assessment methods. Third, little research has taken into consideration of hourly traffic variation and human activities simultaneously in a model for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To fill this gap, this study develops a new trajectory-based model to quantify personal exposure to traffic emissions. The hourly share of daily traffic volume of each roadway in the study area was estimated by calculating the traffic allocation factors (TAFs) of each roadway. Next, the hourly traffic emission surfaces were built using the hourly shares and a kernel density algorithm. A 3-D cube representing the spatiotemporal distribution of traffic emission was constructed, which overlaid the simulated individual-level trajectory data for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. The results showed that people's time-activity patterns (e.g., where an individual lives/works, where an individual travels) were significant factors in exposure assessment. This study suggests that people's time activities and hourly variation of traffic emission should be simultaneously addressed when assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. To sum up, this study has devoted a large effort in quantifying and characterizing personal exposure in geographic space and time. A few of contributions to the knowledge of exposure science are listed as follows. First, this study contributes two exposure assessment models in characterizing personal spatiotemporal exposure using trajectory data. One is developed for assessing personal exposure to ambient air pollution, and the other one is for assessing personal exposure to traffic emissions. Second, this study demonstrates the intra- and inter-microenvironment variation of personal exposure and reveals the significance of people's time-activity patterns in exposure assessment. Third, this study investigates the difference in exposure estimates between conventional home-based methods considering home locations only and trajectory-based methods accounting for the locations of all activities. The mixed findings from Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests suggest more research is needed to explore how personal exposure varies with time-activity patterns. All these contributions will have important implications in exposure science, environment science, and epidemiology.
Handbook Of Environmental Sociology
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Author : Beth Schaefer Caniglia
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-11-01
Handbook Of Environmental Sociology written by Beth Schaefer Caniglia and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-01 with Social Science categories.
This handbook defines the contours of environmental sociology and invites readers to push boundaries in their exploration of this important subdiscipline. It offers a comprehensive overview of the evolution of environmental sociology and its role in this era of intensified national and global environmental crises. Its timely frameworks and high-impact chapters will assist in navigating this moment of great environmental inequality and uncertainty. The handbook brings together an outstanding group of scholars who have helped redefine the scope of environmental sociology and expand its reach and impact. Their contributions speak to key themes of the subdiscipline—inequality, justice, population, social movements, and health. Chapter topics include environmental demography, food systems, animals and the environment, climate change, disasters, and much more. The emphasis on public environmental sociology and the forward-thinking approach of this collection is what sets this volume apart. This handbook can serve as an introduction for students new to environmental sociology or as an insightful treatment that current experts can use to further their own research and publication. It will leave readers with a strong understanding of environmental sociology and the motivation to apply it to their work.