A Patron For Pure Science
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A Patron For Pure Science
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Author : James Merton England
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1982
A Patron For Pure Science written by James Merton England and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Science categories.
Enabling American Innovation
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Author : Dian Olson Belanger
language : en
Publisher: Purdue University Press
Release Date : 1998
Enabling American Innovation written by Dian Olson Belanger and has been published by Purdue University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Engineering categories.
Traces engineers' struggle to win intellectual, financial and organizational recognition within the National Science Foundation. This book analyzes the tools and arguments, how they altered over time, and how budgetary and philosophical debates were played out through organizational manipulation.
Shaping Biology
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Author : Toby A. Appel
language : en
Publisher: JHU Press
Release Date : 2003-04-30
Shaping Biology written by Toby A. Appel and has been published by JHU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-04-30 with Science categories.
Historians of the postwar transformation of science have focused largely on the physical sciences, especially the relation of science to the military funding agencies. In Shaping Biology, Toby A. Appel brings attention to the National Science Foundation and federal patronage of the biological sciences. Scientists by training, NSF biologists hoped in the 1950s that the new agency would become the federal government's chief patron for basic research in biology, the only agency to fund the entire range of biology—from molecules to natural history museums—for its own sake. Appel traces how this vision emerged and developed over the next two and a half decades, from the activities of NSF's Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, founded in 1952, through the cold war expansion of the 1950s and 1960s and the constraints of the Vietnam War era, to its reorganization out of existence in 1975. This history of NSF highlights fundamental tensions in science policy that remain relevant today: the pull between basic and applied science; funding individuals versus funding departments or institutions; elitism versus distributive policies of funding; issues of red tape and accountability. In this NSF-funded study, Appel explores how the agency developed, how it worked, and what difference it made in shaping modern biology in the United States. Based on formerly untapped archival sources as well as on interviews of participants, and building upon prior historical literature, Shaping Biology covers new ground and raises significant issues for further research on postwar biology and on federal funding of science in general.
James B Conant
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Author : James G. Hershberg
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Release Date : 1995
James B Conant written by James G. Hershberg and has been published by Stanford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
James B. Conant (1893-1978) was one of the giants of the American establishment in the twentieth century. President of Harvard University from 1933 to 1953, he was also a scientist who led the US government's effort to develop weapons of mass destruction, and his story mirrors the transition of the United States from isolationism to global superpower at the dawn of the nuclear age. 'This splendid portrait of Conant ... illuminates the life of a pivotal figure in the making of US nuclear, scientific, educational, and foreign policy for almost half a century. But the book is much more: it is not only an insightful narration of Conant's life, it is also a brilliant and important account of the making of the nuclear age, a chronicle that contains much that is new.' TheWashington Post 'The bomb would be as much Conant's as it was anyone's in government. His inner response to that burden of responsibility has long been obscured, but it is illumined here ... This is a model of historiography that is evocative reading.' The New York Times Book Review 'Vibrantly written and compelling, it breaches Conant's shield of public discretion in masterly fashion ...
The Doomsday Lobby
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Author : James T. Bennett
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-09-11
The Doomsday Lobby written by James T. Bennett and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-09-11 with Science categories.
Federal patronage of science was never contemplated by the framers of the Constitution, but they did seek to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Art” by granting inventors patent rights. However, direct subvention to scientists and scientific organizations was not considered appropriate activity of the central government. In the 19th Century, American science was funded almost entirely through private investors. Since WWII, however, the federal government has become the primary patron of American science. From the race-to-space in the 1950s to current furor over global warming, Bennett traces the subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which government has co-opted scientific research and reinforced a culture in which challengers to proscribed wisdom are frozen out. Citing original documents and media reports, Bennett offers a compelling, entertaining, and thought-provoking perspective on political influence on scientific research and its implications for a democratic society. "During the Nineteenth Century, almost entirely on private funding, American science grew from practically nothing to world class. Now, however, over fifty percent of American science is funded by the federal government. Dr. Bennett traces the path, "crisis" after "crisis," by which American science became practically an arm of the federal government. His tale is a cautionary one, warning against future "crisis mongers" who would extend the government's already majority control of American science even further. His warning is a timely one, and it should be heeded." Joseph P. Martino, author of Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel "Bennett's latest book offers a challenging interpretation of the rise of the American federal science establishment since World War II. Focusing primarily on the growth of the space program, Bennett argues that crisis, real or imagined, is the source of state power and state funding for science. The Doomsday Lobby offers what no doubt will be viewed as a controversial contribution to the history of American science policy, and more broadly to an understanding of the role of the state in society." James D. Savage, Professor of Politics, University of Virginia, and author of Funding Science in America
Science The Endless Frontier
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Author : Vannevar Bush
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990
Science The Endless Frontier written by Vannevar Bush and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Research categories.
The New Politics Of Science
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Author : David Dickson
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1988
The New Politics Of Science written by David Dickson and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Art categories.
How science "gets done" in today's world has profound political repercussions, since scientific knowledge, through its technical applications, has become an important source of both economic and military power. The increasing dependence of scientific research on funding from business and the military has made questions about the access to and control of scientific knowledge a central issue in today's politics of science. In The New Politics of Science, David Dickson points out that "the scientific community has its own internal power structures, its elites, its hierarchies, its ideologies, its sanctioned norms of social behavior, and its dissenting groups. And the more that science, as a social practice, forms an integral part of the economic structures of the society in which it is imbedded, the more the boundaries and differences between the two dissolve. Groups inside the scientific community, for example, will use groups outside the community—and vice versa—to achieve their own political ends." In this edition, Dickson has included a new preface commenting on the continuing and increasing influence of industrial and defense interests on American scientific research in the 1980s.
Scientists In The Classroom
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Author : J. Rudolph
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2002-05-02
Scientists In The Classroom written by J. Rudolph and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-05-02 with Education categories.
During the 1950s, leading American scientists embarked on an unprecedented project to remake high school science education. Dissatisfaction with the 'soft' school curriculum of the time advocated by the professional education establishment, and concern over the growing technological sophistication of the Soviet Union, led government officials to encourage a handful of elite research scientists, fresh from their World War II successes, to revitalize the nations' science curricula. In Scientists in the Classroom , John L. Rudolph argues that the Cold War environment, long neglected in the history of education literature, is crucial to understanding both the reasons for the public acceptance of scientific authority in the field of education and the nature of the curriculum materials that were eventually produced. Drawing on a wealth of previously untapped resources from government and university archives, Rudolph focuses on the National Science Foundation-supported curriculum projects initiated in 1956. What the historical record reveals, according to Rudolph, is that these materials were designed not just to improve American science education, but to advance the professional interest of the American scientific community in the postwar period as well.
The New Math
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Author : Christopher James Phillips
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2015
The New Math written by Christopher James Phillips and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Education categories.
An era of sweeping cultural change in America, the postwar years saw the rise of beatniks and hippies, the birth of feminism, and the release of the first video game. This book examines the rise and fall of the new math as a marker of the period's political and social ferment.
Science On A Mission
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Author : Naomi Oreskes
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2021-04-19
Science On A Mission written by Naomi Oreskes and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-19 with History categories.
A vivid portrait of how Naval oversight shaped American oceanography, revealing what difference it makes who pays for science. What difference does it make who pays for science? Some might say none. If scientists seek to discover fundamental truths about the world, and they do so in an objective manner using well-established methods, then how could it matter who’s footing the bill? History, however, suggests otherwise. In science, as elsewhere, money is power. Tracing the recent history of oceanography, Naomi Oreskes discloses dramatic changes in American ocean science since the Cold War, uncovering how and why it changed. Much of it has to do with who pays. After World War II, the US military turned to a new, uncharted theater of warfare: the deep sea. The earth sciences—particularly physical oceanography and marine geophysics—became essential to the US Navy, which poured unprecedented money and logistical support into their study. Science on a Mission brings to light how this influx of military funding was both enabling and constricting: it resulted in the creation of important domains of knowledge but also significant, lasting, and consequential domains of ignorance. As Oreskes delves into the role of patronage in the history of science, what emerges is a vivid portrait of how naval oversight transformed what we know about the sea. It is a detailed, sweeping history that illuminates the ways funding shapes the subject, scope, and tenor of scientific work, and it raises profound questions about the purpose and character of American science. What difference does it make who pays? The short answer is: a lot.