A Practical Guide To Cluster Randomised Trials In Health Services Research
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A Practical Guide To Cluster Randomised Trials In Health Services Research
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Author : Sandra Eldridge
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2012-01-09
A Practical Guide To Cluster Randomised Trials In Health Services Research written by Sandra Eldridge and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-09 with Medical categories.
Cluster randomised trials are trials in which groups (or clusters) of individuals are randomly allocated to different forms of treatment. In health care, these trials often compare different ways of managing a disease or promoting healthy living, in contrast to conventional randomised trials which randomise individuals to different treatments, classically comparing new drugs with a placebo. They are increasingly common in health services research. This book addresses the statistical, practical, and ethical issues arising from allocating groups of individuals, or clusters, to different interventions. Key features: Guides readers through the stages of conducting a trial, from recruitment to reporting. Presents a wide range of examples with particular emphasis on trials in health services research and primary care, with both principles and techniques explained. Topics are specifically presented in the order in which investigators think about issues when they are designing a trial. Combines information on the latest developments in the field together with a practical guide to the design and implementation of cluster randomised trials. Explains principles and techniques through numerous examples including many from the authors own experience. Includes a wide range of references for those who wish to read further. This book is intended as a practical guide, written for researchers from the health professions including doctors, psychologists, and allied health professionals, as well as statisticians involved in the design, execution, analysis and reporting of cluster randomised trials. Those with a more general interest will find the plentiful examples illuminating.
Implementation Research In Health
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Author : David H. Peters
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2013
Implementation Research In Health written by David H. Peters and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Medical categories.
Interest in implementation research is growing, largely in recognition of the contribution it can make to maximizing the beneficial impact of health interventions. As a relatively new and, until recently, rather neglected field within the health sector, implementation research is something of an unknown quantity for many. There is therefore a need for greater clarity about what exactly implementation research is, and what it can offer. This Guide is designed to provide that clarity. Intended to support those conducting implementation research, those with responsibility for implementing programs, and those who have an interest in both, the Guide provides an introduction to basic implementation research concepts and language, briefly outlines what it involves, and describes the many opportunities that it presents. The main aim of the Guide is to boost implementation research capacity as well as demand for implementation research that is aligned with need, and that is of particular relevance to health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Research on implementation requires the engagement of diverse stakeholders and multiple disciplines in order to address the complex implementation challenges they face. For this reason, the Guide is intended for a variety of actors who contribute to and/or are impacted by implementation research. This includes the decision-makers responsible for designing policies and managing programs whose decisions shape implementation and scale-up processes, as well as the practitioners and front-line workers who ultimately implement these decisions along with researchers from different disciplines who bring expertise in systematically collecting and analyzing information to inform implementation questions. The opening chapters (1-4) make the case for why implementation research is important to decision-making. They offer a workable definition of implementation research and illustrate the relevance of research to problems that are often considered to be simply administrative and provide examples of how such problems can be framed as implementation research questions. The early chapters also deal with the conduct of implementation research, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and discussing the role of implementers in the planning and designing of studies, the collection and analysis of data, as well as in the dissemination and use of results. The second half of the Guide (5-7) detail the various methods and study designs that can be used to carry out implementation research, and, using examples, illustrates the application of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method designs to answer complex questions related to implementation and scale-up. It offers guidance on conceptualizing an implementation research study from the identification of the problem, development of research questions, identification of implementation outcomes and variables, as well as the selection of the study design and methods while also addressing important questions of rigor.
Cochrane Handbook For Systematic Reviews Of Interventions
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Author : Julian P. T. Higgins
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2019-10-28
Cochrane Handbook For Systematic Reviews Of Interventions written by Julian P. T. Higgins and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-28 with Medical categories.
The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resource, the Handbook will also be of interest to anyone undertaking systematic reviews of interventions outside Cochrane, and many of the principles and methods presented are appropriate for systematic reviews addressing research questions other than effects of interventions. This fully updated edition contains extensive new material on systematic review methods addressing a wide-range of topics including network meta-analysis, equity, complex interventions, narrative synthesis, and automation. Also new to this edition, integrated throughout the Handbook, is the set of standards Cochrane expects its reviews to meet. Written for review authors, editors, trainers and others with an interest in Cochrane Reviews, the second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions continues to offer an invaluable resource for understanding the role of systematic reviews, critically appraising health research studies and conducting reviews.
Handbook Of Statistical Methods For Randomized Controlled Trials
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Author : KyungMann Kim
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-08-23
Handbook Of Statistical Methods For Randomized Controlled Trials written by KyungMann Kim and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-08-23 with Mathematics categories.
Statistical concepts provide scientific framework in experimental studies, including randomized controlled trials. In order to design, monitor, analyze and draw conclusions scientifically from such clinical trials, clinical investigators and statisticians should have a firm grasp of the requisite statistical concepts. The Handbook of Statistical Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials presents these statistical concepts in a logical sequence from beginning to end and can be used as a textbook in a course or as a reference on statistical methods for randomized controlled trials. Part I provides a brief historical background on modern randomized controlled trials and introduces statistical concepts central to planning, monitoring and analysis of randomized controlled trials. Part II describes statistical methods for analysis of different types of outcomes and the associated statistical distributions used in testing the statistical hypotheses regarding the clinical questions. Part III describes some of the most used experimental designs for randomized controlled trials including the sample size estimation necessary in planning. Part IV describe statistical methods used in interim analysis for monitoring of efficacy and safety data. Part V describe important issues in statistical analyses such as multiple testing, subgroup analysis, competing risks and joint models for longitudinal markers and clinical outcomes. Part VI addresses selected miscellaneous topics in design and analysis including multiple assignment randomization trials, analysis of safety outcomes, non-inferiority trials, incorporating historical data, and validation of surrogate outcomes.
Cluster Randomised Trials
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Author : Richard J. Hayes
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-07-06
Cluster Randomised Trials written by Richard J. Hayes and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-06 with Mathematics categories.
Cluster Randomised Trials, Second Edition discusses the design, conduct, and analysis of trials that randomise groups of individuals to different treatments. It explores the advantages of cluster randomisation, with special attention given to evaluating the effects of interventions against infectious diseases. Avoiding unnecessary mathematical detail, the book covers basic concepts underlying the use of cluster randomisation, such as direct, indirect, and total effects. In the time since the publication of the first edition, the use of cluster randomised trials (CRTs) has increased substantially, which is reflected in the updates to this edition. There are greatly expanded sections on randomisation, sample size estimation, and alternative designs, including new material on stepped wedge designs. There is a new section on handling ordinal outcome data, and an appendix with descriptions and/or generating code of the example data sets. Although the book mainly focuses on medical and public health applications, it shows that the rigorous evidence of intervention effects provided by CRTs has the potential to inform public policy in a wide range of other areas. The book encourages readers to apply the methods to their own trials, reproduce the analyses presented, and explore alternative approaches.
Principles And Practice Of Clinical Trials
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Author : Steven Piantadosi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-07-19
Principles And Practice Of Clinical Trials written by Steven Piantadosi and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-07-19 with Medical categories.
This is a comprehensive major reference work for our SpringerReference program covering clinical trials. Although the core of the Work will focus on the design, analysis, and interpretation of scientific data from clinical trials, a broad spectrum of clinical trial application areas will be covered in detail. This is an important time to develop such a Work, as drug safety and efficacy emphasizes the Clinical Trials process. Because of an immense and growing international disease burden, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies continue to develop new drugs. Clinical trials have also become extremely globalized in the past 15 years, with over 225,000 international trials ongoing at this point in time. Principles in Practice of Clinical Trials is truly an interdisciplinary that will be divided into the following areas: 1) Clinical Trials Basic Perspectives 2) Regulation and Oversight 3) Basic Trial Designs 4) Advanced Trial Designs 5) Analysis 6) Trial Publication 7) Topics Related Specific Populations and Legal Aspects of Clinical Trials The Work is designed to be comprised of 175 chapters and approximately 2500 pages. The Work will be oriented like many of our SpringerReference Handbooks, presenting detailed and comprehensive expository chapters on broad subjects. The Editors are major figures in the field of clinical trials, and both have written textbooks on the topic. There will also be a slate of 7-8 renowned associate editors that will edit individual sections of the Reference.
Design And Analysis Of Pragmatic Trials
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Author : Song Zhang
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-05-16
Design And Analysis Of Pragmatic Trials written by Song Zhang and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-16 with Mathematics categories.
This book begins with an introduction of pragmatic cluster randomized trials (PCTs) and reviews various pragmatic issues that need to be addressed by statisticians at the design stage. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type of PCT, and provides sample size formulas, sensitivity analyses, and examples for sample size calculation. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) method will be employed to derive sample size formulas for various types of outcomes from the exponential family, including continuous, binary, and count variables. Experimental designs that have been frequently employed in PCTs will be discussed, including cluster randomized designs, matched-pair cluster randomized design, stratified cluster randomized design, stepped-wedge cluster randomized design, longitudinal cluster randomized design, and crossover cluster randomized design. It demonstrates that the GEE approach is flexible to accommodate pragmatic issues such as hierarchical correlation structures, different missing data patterns, randomly varying cluster sizes, etc. It has been reported that the GEE approach leads to under-estimated variance with limited numbers of clusters. The remedy for this limitation is investigated for the design of PCTs. This book can assist practitioners in the design of PCTs by providing a description of the advantages and disadvantages of various PCTs and sample size formulas that address various pragmatic issues, facilitating the proper implementation of PCTs to improve health care. It can also serve as a textbook for biostatistics students at the graduate level to enhance their knowledge or skill in clinical trial design. Key Features: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of PCTs, and provide sample size formulas, sensitivity analyses, and examples. Address an unmet need for guidance books on sample size calculations for PCTs; A wide variety of experimental designs adopted by PCTs are covered; The sample size solutions can be readily implemented due to the accommodation of common pragmatic issues encountered in real-world practice; Useful to both academic and industrial biostatisticians involved in clinical trial design; Can be used as a textbook for graduate students majoring in statistics and biostatistics.
Improving Patient Care
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Author : Michel Wensing
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-05-11
Improving Patient Care written by Michel Wensing and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-11 with Medical categories.
Strategies for successfully updating and improving health care organizations of all kinds Health care is always evolving and improving. However, the rapid speed of medical advancement can make the adoption of new technologies and practices a challenging process – particularly in large organizations and complex networks. Any projected impact upon quality and outcomes of care must be carefully evaluated so that changes may be implemented in the most efficacious and efficient manner possible. Improving Patient Care equips professionals and policymakers with the knowledge required to successfully optimize health care practice. By integrating scientific evidence and practical experience, the text presents a cohesive and proven model for practice change and innovation, complete with analysis of innovation, target group and setting; selection and application of strategies; and evaluation of process, outcomes and costs. This new third edition also includes: Newly written chapters on clinical performance feedback, patient engagement, patient safety, evaluation designs, and methods for process evaluation Increased emphasis on the role of contextual influences in implementation and improvement New research examples from across the world and updated scientific literature throughout Designed to help promote safer and more efficient, patient-centered care and better outcomes, Improving Patient Care is an essential resource for healthcare providers, quality assessors, and students of health services research, health management, and health policy.
Translational Surgery
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Author : Adam E.M. Eltorai
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-03-22
Translational Surgery written by Adam E.M. Eltorai and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-22 with Science categories.
Translational Surgery covers the principles of evidence-based medicine and applies these principles to the design of translational investigations. The reader will come to fully understand important concepts including case-control studies, prospective cohort studies, randomized trials, and reliability studies. Investigators will benefit from greater confidence in their ability to initiate and execute their own investigations, avoid common pitfalls in surgical research, and know what is needed for collaboration. Further, this title is an indispensable tool in grant writing and funding efforts. The practical, straightforward approach helps the translational research navigate challenging considerations in study design and implementation. The book provides valuable discussions of the critical appraisal of published studies in surgery, allowing the reader to learn how to evaluate the quality of such studies. Thus, they will improve at measuring outcomes; making effective use of all types of evidence in patient care. In short, this practical guidebook will be of interest to every surgeon or surgical researcher who has ever had a good clinical idea, but not the knowledge of how to test it. - Focuses on translational research in Surgery, covering the principles of evidence-based medicine and applying those principles to the design of translational investigations - Provides a practical, straightforward approach to help surgeons and researchers navigate challenging aspects of study design and implementation - Details valuable discussions on the critical appraisal of published studies in Surgery, allowing the reader to effectively use all types of evidence for patient care
Sample Sizes For Clinical Laboratory And Epidemiology Studies
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Author : David Machin
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2018-08-20
Sample Sizes For Clinical Laboratory And Epidemiology Studies written by David Machin and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-20 with Medical categories.
Ein fundiertes Referenzwerk zu den statistischen Instrumenten und Softwareprogrammen, die für das Design und die Planung klinischer Studien erforderlich sind. Die erweiterte 4. Auflage von Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies beinhaltet eine Sample-Size-Software (SSS), Formeln und nummerische Tabellen für die Gestaltung valider klinischer Studien. Das Fachbuch behandelt ebenfalls Labor- und epidemiologische Studien und stellt die Informationen zur Verfügung, damit Studien einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur medizinischen Forschung leisten. Die Autoren, allesamt anerkannte Experten des Fachgebiets, erläutern und untersuchen Schritt für Schritt die vielfältigen Überlegungen bei der Festlegung geeigneter Stichprobengrößen und helfen so bei der Planung von Studien. Bereitgestellt werden ebenfalls Stichprobentabellen mit Erläuterungen und aussagekräftige Beispiele auf der Basis von Echtdaten. Darüber hinaus enthält das Fachbuch ein Literaturverweise und Angaben zu weiterführenden Referenzen zur Unterstützung der vorgestellten Prinzipien. Diese überarbeitete 4. Auflage - ist das bislang einzige Referenzwerk mit einem Softwareprogramm für die Gestaltung und Planung klinischer Studien. - enthält neue und erweiterte Kapitel mit einer Vielzahl neuer und aktualisierter Beispiele. - erläutert verständlich die angewandten Prinzipien und Methoden anhand von Beispielen aus der Praxis. - präsentiert auf nachvollziehbare Weise ein komplexes und dennoch wichtiges Thema, damit die richtigen Methoden verwendet werden und fundierte Ergebnisse veröffentlicht werden können. - bietet Hilfestellung von einem Team international anerkannter Statistikexperten im medizinischen Bereich. Sample Sizes for Clinical, Laboratory and Epidemiology Studies richtet sich an medizinische Forscher aller Disziplinen sowie an Medizinstatistiker. Die aktualisierte 4. Auflage ist ein wichtiges Referenzwerk für die Gestaltung und Planung verlässlicher, evidenzbasierter klinischer Studien.