Abstract Objects And The Semantics Of Natural Language

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Abstract Objects And The Semantics Of Natural Language

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Author : Friederike Moltmann
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2013-03-28

Abstract Objects And The Semantics Of Natural Language written by Friederike Moltmann and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-28 with Philosophy categories.

Abstract objects have been a central topic in philosophy since antiquity. Philosophers have defended various views about abstract objects by appealing to metaphysical considerations, considerations regarding mathematics or science, and, not infrequently, intuitions about natural language. This book pursues the question of how and whether natural language allows for reference to abstract objects in a fully systematic way. By making full use of contemporary linguistic semantics, it presents a much greater range of linguistic generalizations than has previously been taken into consideration in philosophical discussions, and it argues for an ontological picture is very different from that generally taken for granted by philosophers and semanticists alike. Reference to abstract objects such as properties, numbers, propositions, and degrees is considerably more marginal than generally held. Instead, natural language is rather generous in allowing reference to particularized properties (tropes), the use of nonreferential expressions in apparent referential position, and the use of 'nominalizing expressions', such as quantifiers like 'something'. Reference to abstract objects is achieved generally only by the use of 'reifying terms', such as 'the number eight'.

Reference To Abstract Objects In Discourse

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Author : Nicholas Asher
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1993-04-30

Reference To Abstract Objects In Discourse written by Nicholas Asher and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-04-30 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This volume is about abstract objects and the ways we refer to them in natural language. Asher develops a semantical and metaphysical analysis of these entities in two stages. The first reflects the rich ontology of abstract objects necessitated by the forms of language in which we think and speak. A second level of analysis maps the ontology of natural language metaphysics onto a sparser domain--a more systematic realm of abstract objects that are fully analyzed. This second level reflects the commitments of real metaphysics. The models for these commitments assign truth conditions to natural language discourse. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Abstract Objects

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Author : E. Zalta
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1983-06-30

Abstract Objects written by E. Zalta and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983-06-30 with Philosophy categories.

In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.

Meaning Logic And Ludics

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Author : Alain Lecomte
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2011

Meaning Logic And Ludics written by Alain Lecomte and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Computers categories.

7. Grammatical reasoning. 7.1. Motivations. 7.2. Modal preliminary. 7.3. Residuation and modalities. 7.4. Linguistic applications. 7.5. Back to quantification. 7.6. Kripke semantics. 7.7. Concluding remarks and observations. 8. A type-theoretical version of minimalist grammars. 8.1. Inserting chains. 8.2. Head movement. 8.3. Adjoining and scrambling. 8.4. Semantics without cooper storage. 8.5. Concluding remarks : Some tracks to explore. 9. Grammars in deductive forms. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Convergent grammars. 9.3. Labelled linear grammars. 9.4. Binding in LLG. 9.5. On phases. 9.6. Comparing CVG and LLG. 9.7. Concluding remarks. 10. Continuations and contexts. 10.1. The use of continuations in semantics. 10.2. Symmetric calculi. 10.3. Concluding remarks and further works. 11. Proofs as meanings. 11.1. From intuitionistic logic to constructive type theory. 11.2. Formalizing Montague grammar in constructive type theory. 11.3. Dynamical interpretation and anaphoric expressions. 11.4. From sentences to dialogue -- pt. IV. Ludics. 12. Interaction and dialogue. 12.1. Dialogue and games. 12.2. Ludics. 12.3. Behaviours. 13. The future in conclusion

Concrete Semantics

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Author : Tobias Nipkow
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-12-03

Concrete Semantics written by Tobias Nipkow and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-03 with Computers categories.

Part I of this book is a practical introduction to working with the Isabelle proof assistant. It teaches you how to write functional programs and inductive definitions and how to prove properties about them in Isabelle’s structured proof language. Part II is an introduction to the semantics of imperative languages with an emphasis on applications like compilers and program analysers. The distinguishing feature is that all the mathematics has been formalised in Isabelle and much of it is executable. Part I focusses on the details of proofs in Isabelle; Part II can be read even without familiarity with Isabelle’s proof language, all proofs are described in detail but informally. The book teaches the reader the art of precise logical reasoning and the practical use of a proof assistant as a surgical tool for formal proofs about computer science artefacts. In this sense it represents a formal approach to computer science, not just semantics. The Isabelle formalisation, including the proofs and accompanying slides, are freely available online, and the book is suitable for graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, and researchers in theoretical computer science and logic.

Language And Reality

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Author : Michael Devitt
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1999

Language And Reality written by Michael Devitt and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

What is language? How does it relate to the world? How does it relate to the mind? Should our view of language influence our view of the world? These are among the central issues covered in this spirited and unusually clear introduction to the philosophy of language. Making no pretense of neutrality, Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny take a definite theoretical stance. Central to that stance is naturalism--that is, they treat a philosophical theory of language as an empirical theory like any other and see people as nothing but complex parts of the physical world. This leads them, controversially, to a deflationary view of the significance of the study of language: they dismiss the idea that the philosophy of language should be preeminent in philosophy. This highly successful textbook has been extensively rewritten for the second edition to reflect recent developments in the field.

Parts And Wholes In Semantics

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Author : Friederike Moltmann
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1997-08-14

Parts And Wholes In Semantics written by Friederike Moltmann and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-08-14 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book develops a unified account of expressions involving the notions of "part" and "whole " in which principles of the individuation of part structures play a central role. Moltmann presents a range of new empirical generalizations with data from English and a variety of other languages involving plurals, mass nouns, adnominal and adverbial modifiers such as as a whole, together, and alone, nominal and adverbial quanitfiers ranging over parts, and expressions of completion such as completely and partly. She develops a new theory of part structures which differs from traditional mereological theories in that the notion of an integrated whole plays a central role and in that the part structure of an entity is allowed to vary across different situations, perspectives, and dimensions.

Unity And Plurality

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Author : Massimiliano Carrara
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016

Unity And Plurality written by Massimiliano Carrara and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Unity and Plurality presents novel ways of thinking about plurality while casting new light on the interconnections among the logical, philosophical, and linguistic aspects of plurals. The volume brings together new work on the logic and ontology of plurality and on the semantics of plurals in natural language. Plural reference, the view that definite plurals such as 'the students' refer to several entities at once (the individual students), is an approach favoured by logicians and philosophers, who take sentences with plurals ('the students gathered') not to be committed to entities beyond individuals, entities such as classes, sums, or sets. By contrast, linguistic semantics has been dominated by a singularist approach to plurals, taking the semantic value of a definite plural such as 'the students' to be a mereological sum or set. Moreover, semantics has been dominated by a particular ontological view of plurality, that of extensional mereology. This volume aims to build a bridge between the two traditions and to show the fruitfulness of nonstandard mereological approaches. A team of leading experts investigates new perspectives that arise from plural logic and non-standard mereology and explore novel applications to natural language phenomena.

Objects And Attitudes

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Author : Friederike Moltmann
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024

Objects And Attitudes written by Friederike Moltmann and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Objects and Attitudes develops a radically novel semantics of attitude reports, modal sentences, and quotation based on an ontology of attitudinal, modal, and phatic objects, entities such as claims, thoughts, intentions, desires, requests, utterances, as well as needs, obligations, permissions, offers, and abilities. It systematically pursues a methodology of descriptive metaphysics--specifically, natural language ontology--and argues that natural language reflects an ontology of attitudinal and modal objects rather than an ontology of abstract propositions. The book gives a new development of truthmaker semantics ("object-based truthmaker semantics"), for which attitudinal and modal objects provide specific support. The semantics of attitude reports, modal sentences and quotation pursues the emerging view that clausal complements do not generally act as proposition-referring terms but rather as predicates of the (content-bearing) object described by the embedding predicate. It also develops novel, truthmaker-based conceptions of facts and states of affairs, the referents of clauses on a secondary, nominal function. Objects and Attitudes pursues the syntactic view that attitude verbs are underlying complex predicates, consisting of a light verb and a noun for an attitudinal object. Within that view, it gives a new syntactic and semantic analysis of special quantifiers (something, several things) as complements of attitude verbs and verbs of saying, on which such quantifiers range over attitudinal or phatic objects.

Meaning

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Author : Paul Elbourne
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2011-10-06

Meaning written by Paul Elbourne and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-06 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book offers an introduction to the analysis of meaning. Our outstanding ability to communicate is a distinguishing feature of our species. To communicate is to convey meaning, but what is meaning? How do words combine to give us the meanings of sentences? And what makes a statement ambiguous or nonsensical? These questions and many others are addressed in Paul Elbourne's fascinating guide. He opens by asking what kinds of things the meanings of words and sentences could be: are they, for example, abstract objects or psychological entities? He then looks at how we understand a sequence of words we have never heard before; he considers to what extent the meaning of a sentence can be derived from the words it contains and how to account for the meanings that can't be; and he examines the roles played by time, place, and the shared and unshared assumptions of speakers and hearers. He looks at how language interacts with thought and the intriguing question of whether what language we speak affects the way we see the world. Meaning, as might be expected, is far from simple. Paul Elbourne explores its complex issues in crystal clear language. He draws on approaches developed in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology - assuming a knowledge of none of them -in a manner that will appeal to everyone interested in this essential element of human psychology and culture.