Advanced X Ray Multilayer Waveguide Optics

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Advanced X Ray Multilayer Waveguide Optics

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Author : Qi Zhong
language : en
Publisher: Göttingen University Press
Release Date : 2017

Advanced X Ray Multilayer Waveguide Optics written by Qi Zhong and has been published by Göttingen University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.

The aim of this thesis was to design novel waveguide structures, and to analyze them in view of complex phenomena of near-field propagation. For this purpose, experimental far-field measurements were used in combination with finite-difference simulations and phase retrieval methods. Two novel structures have been designed, fabricated and characterized: the waveguide array (WGA), yielding several waveguided beams in transmission, and multi-guide resonate beam couplers (RBCs), tailored to yield two or several reflected beams. Two novel structures have been designed, fabricated and characterized: the WGA, yielding several waveguided beams in transmission, and multi-guide RBCs, tailored to yield two or several reflected beams. The WGA and the multi-guide RBCs are not only distinct in the coupling geometry. A major difference is related to the fact that the WGA principle is based on the separation (non coupling) of the different transmitted wavelets, while the RBC functions are based on a strong coupling of guided radiation in several layers.

Advanced X Ray Multilayer Waveguide Optics

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Author : Qi Zhong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017

Advanced X Ray Multilayer Waveguide Optics written by Qi Zhong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.

The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that x-ray waveguide optics can be gen- eralized from a single guiding film to an array of planar waveguides, enabling more complex and controllable phenomena of field propagation both in partic- ular in the near-field in the vicinity of objects to be probed by coherent imaging. Two advanced x-ray multilayer waveguides (MWGs) structures, i.e. the waveg- uide array (WGA) and the multi-guide resonant beam couplers (RBCs) are de- signed and discussed. Starting from basic theoretical analysis, the structural model of MWGs is built up. Then the MWGs are s...

X Ray Waveguide Optics

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Author : Sarah Hoffmann-Urlaub
language : en
Publisher: Göttingen University Press
Release Date : 2017

X Ray Waveguide Optics written by Sarah Hoffmann-Urlaub and has been published by Göttingen University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.

Modern x-ray sources and analysis techniques such as lens less imaging combined with phase retrieval algorithms allow for resolving structure sizes in the nanometer range. For this purpose optics have to be employed, ensuring small focal spot dimensions simultaneously with high photon densities. Furthermore, the wave front behind the optics is required to be smooth enabling for high resolution imaging. Combining all these properties, x-ray waveguides are well suited to perform this task, since the intensity distribution behind the guide is restricted in two dimensions serving as a secondary quasi point-source without wave-front aberrations, showing also a high divergence, suitable for resolving fine features. Importantly, the radiation provided by the waveguide reveals a high degree of coherence, required by many imaging techniques. The waveguide itself consists of an air-filled channel embedded in a solid matrix; typical materials are silicon, germanium or quartz. While the entrance area is nano-sized, the channel length is in the millimeter-range, this way posing challenges to fabricate high aspect ratio geometries. Since the functioning of x-ray waveguides is based on the total reflection at small incident angles, the surface roughness of the channel walls must be as low as possible to avoid scattering and hence loss of intensity. To fulfill these demanding conditions, a process scheme involving spin-coating, electron beam lithography, wet development, reactive ion etching and wafer bonding is optimized within this work. To gain deeper insights into the principle of wave guiding finite difference simulations are performed, also opening access for advanced design considerations such as gratings, tapered and curved channels, or beamsplitters, enabling for constructing novel x-ray tools as for example time delay devices or interferometers. Waveguides in all geometries are tested at synchrotron sources, accomplishing new benchmarks in x-ray optical performance. Here, the x-ray beam leaving the channel, propagates out to a pixel array detector in the far-field region. From the recorded data the intensity distribution in the near-field directly behind the waveguide is reconstructed, revealing an outstanding agreement with the simulations and electron micrographs. Since the radiation field of the waveguide is well-characterized and also tunable to meet the requirements of both the measurement setup and the sample, they are suited of a broad field of applications in coherent x-ray imaging.

Hard X Ray Microscopy Enhanced By Coherent Image Reconstruction

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Author : Jakob Soltau
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Göttingen
Release Date : 2022

Hard X Ray Microscopy Enhanced By Coherent Image Reconstruction written by Jakob Soltau and has been published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

X-ray microscopy is used to study the structure, dynamics and bulk properties of matter with high spatial resolutions. It is widely applied, from physics and chemistry to material and life sciences. In the past two decades, progress in X-ray microscopy was driven either by improvements in X-ray optics or by improvements in the image reconstruction by using algorithms as computational lenses. In this work both approaches are combined to exploit the advantages of X-ray imaging with a large numerical aperture and the advantages of coherent image reconstruction. It is shown that a combined X-ray microscope using both, advanced optics and algorithms, is neither limited by flawed optics nor by constraints imposed by reconstruction algorithms, which enables to go beyond current limits in resolution and applications. The thesis is structured in four parts. In the first part hard X-ray lenses, so called multilayer zone plates, are simulated to investigate volume diffraction effects within the multilayer structure, and to study the potential for smaller focus sizes and higher efficiencies. In the second part, the multilayer zone plates are characterized and implemented in an X-ray microscope. In the third part, a new imaging scheme is presented, which combines in-line holography and coherent diffractive imaging. This method overcomes the current resolution limit of in-line holography and can achieve super-resolution with respect to the numerical aperture of the illuminating beam. Finally, in the fourth part a multilayer zone plate is used as an objective lens with a known transfer function in a novel coherent full-field imaging experiment based on iterative phase retrieval, for high resolution and quantitative contrast.

Optimization Of Waveguide Optics For Lensless X Ray Imaging

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Author : Sven Philip Krüger
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Göttingen
Release Date : 2011

Optimization Of Waveguide Optics For Lensless X Ray Imaging written by Sven Philip Krüger and has been published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.

Lensless x-ray imaging is a promising method to determine the three-dimensional structure of material science and biological specimens at the nanoscale. The development of this technique is strongly related to the optimization of x-ray optics since the image formation and object reconstruction depend significantly on the properties of the illumination wave-field. Waveguide optics act as quasi-point sources and enable the spatial and coherent filtering of x-ray beams. Up to now, x-ray waveguides were severely limited in transmission and flux, restricting their use to high-contrast test structures with moderate resolution and long accumulation times. To overcome these limitations, a novel waveguide design with an optimized refractive index profile is presented which significantly minimizes the absorption of the modes propagating inside the waveguide. Experimental results along with simulations show that these two-component planar x-ray waveguides provide small beam cross-sections along with a high photon flux at the exit. By a serial arrangement of two waveguide slices an optimized illumination source has been developed for high-resolution microscopy, as demonstrated in proof-of-concept imaging experiments.

X Ray Waveguide Optics Beyond Straight Channels

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Author : Sarah Hoffmann-Urlaub
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

X Ray Waveguide Optics Beyond Straight Channels written by Sarah Hoffmann-Urlaub and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.

Modern x-ray sources and analysis techniques such as lens less imaging combined with phase retrieval algorithms allow for resolving structure sizes in the nanometerrange. For this purpose optics have to be employed, ensuring small focal spot dimensions simultaneously with high photon densities. Furthermore, the wave front behind the optics is required to be smooth enabling for high-resolution imaging. Combining all these properties, x-ray waveguides are well suited to perform this task, since the intensity distribution behind the guide is restricted in two dimensions serving as a secondary ...

X Ray Optics And Surface Science

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Author : A. V. Vinogradov
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995

X Ray Optics And Surface Science written by A. V. Vinogradov and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Science categories.

Advanced Materials For Integrated Optical Waveguides

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Author : Xingcun Colin Tong Ph.D
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-10-17

Advanced Materials For Integrated Optical Waveguides written by Xingcun Colin Tong Ph.D and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-17 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to integrated optical waveguides for information technology and data communications. Integrated coverage ranges from advanced materials, fabrication, and characterization techniques to guidelines for design and simulation. A concluding chapter offers perspectives on likely future trends and challenges. The dramatic scaling down of feature sizes has driven exponential improvements in semiconductor productivity and performance in the past several decades. However, with the potential of gigascale integration, size reduction is approaching a physical limitation due to the negative impact on resistance and inductance of metal interconnects with current copper-trace based technology. Integrated optics provides a potentially lower-cost, higher performance alternative to electronics in optical communication systems. Optical interconnects, in which light can be generated, guided, modulated, amplified, and detected, can provide greater bandwidth, lower power consumption, decreased interconnect delays, resistance to electromagnetic interference, and reduced crosstalk when integrated into standard electronic circuits. Integrated waveguide optics represents a truly multidisciplinary field of science and engineering, with continued growth requiring new developments in modeling, further advances in materials science, and innovations in integration platforms. In addition, the processing and fabrication of these new devices must be optimized in conjunction with the development of accurate and precise characterization and testing methods. Students and professionals in materials science and engineering will find Advanced Materials for Integrated Optical Waveguides to be an invaluable reference for meeting these research and development goals.

Advanced X Ray Characterization Techniques

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Author : Zainal Arifin Ahmad
language : en
Publisher: Trans Tech Publications Ltd
Release Date : 2012-12-13

Advanced X Ray Characterization Techniques written by Zainal Arifin Ahmad and has been published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS) X-ray applications and techniques are gaining importance and are moving to the forefront of science. A powerful tool with many advantages, X-ray applications and techniques present a route for rapid, hassle-free, non-destructive, safe and accurate analysis. This book contains a compilation of papers, all related to X-ray techniques, which are applied in various areas of science and technology, namely in research and industry. This publication aims to showcase the current diversity and versatility of X-ray related techniques. With contributors from all around the world, this publication of compiled papers will relate a host of X-ray related techniques with aims and the eventual findings, all of which are presented in a short and concise manner. It is believed that this book will be a good scientific literature which provides clear and important information on X-ray related ventures.

Advanced Nutrition

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Author : Carolyn D. Berdanier
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-10-03

Advanced Nutrition written by Carolyn D. Berdanier and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-03 with Medical categories.

The explosion of knowledge about satiety and hunger has given new meaning to our understanding of the genetics of obesity. New interest in gene expression as related to nutrition and advances in the field of macronutrients has made the latest nutrition research intriguing. Advanced Nutrition: Macronutrients adopts an integrated approach to the understanding of macronutrient nutrition. It provides scientific foundations of the current findings on energy balance, protein need, gene expression, and carbohydrate and lipid use, and maintains emphasis on the biochemical and physiological basis for nutrient need.