American Accounts Documenting The Destruction Of Smyrna By The Kemalist Turkish Forces
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American Accounts Documenting The Destruction Of Smyrna By The Kemalist Turkish Forces
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Author : Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
American Accounts Documenting The Destruction Of Smyrna By The Kemalist Turkish Forces written by Constantine G. Hatzidimitriou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Fires categories.
Smyrna 1922
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Author : Marjorie Housepian Dobkin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Smyrna 1922 written by Marjorie Housepian Dobkin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with History categories.
In September, 1922, Mustapha Kemal {Ataturk}, the victorious revolutionary ruler of Turkey, led his troops into Smyrna (now Izmir) a predominantly Christian city, as a flotilla of 27 Allied warships-- including three American destroyers-- looked on. The Turks soon proceeded to indulge in an orgy of pillage, rape and slaughter that the Western powers anxious to protect their oil and trade interests in Turkey, condoned by their silence and refusal to intervene. Turkish forces then set fire to the legendary city and totally destroyed it. There followed a massive cover-up by tacit agreement of the Western Allies who had defeated Turkey and Germany during World War I. By 1923 Smyrna's demise was all but expunged from historical memory.
Smyrna 1922
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Author : Marjorie Housepian Dobkin
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Smyrna 1922 written by Marjorie Housepian Dobkin and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Fires categories.
On one level Smyrna 1922 is a modern Greek tragedy replete with the elements of irony and horror. The Greeks, one of the victorious Allied powers during World War 1, were betrayed by their allies and their army driven into the sea at Smyrna by the forces of Mustapha Kemal, an insurgent leader to whom his former enemies had given considerable covert help. There followed an enactment of the week of orgy after the fall of Constantinople in 1453; pillage, rape and massacre culminating, in this instance, in the spectacular destruction by fire of Smyrna (now Izmir), considered an infidel city by the Turks because of its predominantly Greek character and population. Dobkin's study is a definitive work concerning a debacle deliberately soft pedalled and almost expunged from the memory of modern day man in the words of Henry Miller in The Colossus of Maroussi.
Paradise Lost
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Author : Giles Milton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Paradise Lost written by Giles Milton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Greco-Turkish War, 1921-1922 categories.
On Saturday 9th September, 1922, the victorious Turkish cavalry rode into Smyrna, the richest and most cosmopolitan city in the Ottoman Empire. What happened over the next two weeks must rank as one of the most compelling human dramas of the twentieth century. Almost two million people were caught up in a disaster of truly epic proportions. PARADISE LOST is told with the narrative verve that has made Giles Milton a bestselling historian. It unfolds through the memories of the survivors, many of them interviewed for the first time, and the eyewitness accounts of those who found themselves caught up in one of the greatest catastrophes of the modern age.
The Politics Of Self Determination
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Author : Volker Prott
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016-09-08
The Politics Of Self Determination written by Volker Prott and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-08 with History categories.
The Politics of Self-Determination examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. It opens with an exploration of the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the First World War. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, focussing on a new factor in foreign policymaking-academic experts employed by the three Allied states to aid in peace planning and border drawing. This examination of the international level is juxtaposed with two case studies of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918-19, and the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. Volker Prott argues that at both the international and the local levels, the 'temptation of violence' drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. While the Allies thus hoped to avoid uncomfortable decisions and painstaking efforts to establish an elusive popular will, local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance.
Paradise Lost
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Author : Giles Milton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Paradise Lost written by Giles Milton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Greco-Turkish War, 1921-1922 categories.
A powerful tale of destruction, heroism and survival by the bestselling author of NATHANIEL'S NUTMEG.
Genocide In The Ottoman Empire
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Author : George N. Shirinian
language : en
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Release Date : 2017-02-01
Genocide In The Ottoman Empire written by George N. Shirinian and has been published by Berghahn Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-01 with Political Science categories.
The final years of the Ottoman Empire were catastrophic ones for its non-Turkish, non-Muslim minorities. From 1913 to 1923, its rulers deported, killed, or otherwise persecuted staggering numbers of citizens in an attempt to preserve “Turkey for the Turks,” setting a modern precedent for how a regime can commit genocide in pursuit of political ends while largely escaping accountability. While this brutal history is most widely known in the case of the Armenian genocide, few appreciate the extent to which the Empire’s Assyrian and Greek subjects suffered and died under similar policies. This comprehensive volume is the first to broadly examine the genocides of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks in comparative fashion, analyzing the similarities and differences among them and giving crucial context to present-day calls for recognition.
Paradise Lost
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Author : Giles Milton
language : en
Publisher: Basic Books
Release Date : 2008-07-08
Paradise Lost written by Giles Milton and has been published by Basic Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-07-08 with History categories.
On Saturday, September 9, 1922, the victorious Turkish cavalry rode into Smyrna, the richest and most cosmopolitan city in the Ottoman Empire. The city's vast wealth created centuries earlier by powerful Levantine dynasties, its factories teemed with Greeks, Armenians, Turks, and Jews. Together, they had created a majority Christian city that was unique in the Islamic world. But to the Turkish nationalists, Smyrna was a city of infidels. In the aftermath of the First World War and with the support of the Great Powers, Greece had invaded Turkey with the aim of restoring a Christian empire in Asia. But by the summer of 1922, the Greeks had been vanquished by Atatürk's armies after three years of warfare. As Greek troops retreated, the non-Muslim civilians of Smyrna assumed that American and European warships would intervene if and when the Turkish cavalry decided to enter the city. But this was not to be. On September 13, 1922, Turkish troops descended on Smyrna. They rampaged first through the Armenian quarter, and then throughout the rest of the city. They looted homes, raped women, and murdered untold thousands. Turkish soldiers were seen dousing buildings with petroleum. Soon, all but the Turkish quarter of the city was in flames and hundreds of thousands of refugees crowded the waterfront, desperate to escape. The city burned for four days; by the time the embers cooled, more than 100,000 people had been killed and millions left homeless. Based on eyewitness accounts and the memories of survivors, many interviewed for the first time, Paradise Lost offers a vivid narrative account of one of the most vicious military catastrophes of the modern age.
Turkish Atrocities
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Author : James Levi Barton
language : en
Publisher: Gomidas Institute
Release Date : 1998
Turkish Atrocities written by James Levi Barton and has been published by Gomidas Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with History categories.
Collective And State Violence In Turkey
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Author : Stephan Astourian
language : en
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Release Date : 2020-11-01
Collective And State Violence In Turkey written by Stephan Astourian and has been published by Berghahn Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-01 with History categories.
Turkey has gone through significant transformations over the last century—from the Ottoman Empire and Young Turk era to the Republic of today—but throughout it has demonstrated troubling continuities in its encouragement and deployment of mass violence. In particular, the construction of a Muslim-Turkish identity has been achieved in part by designating “internal enemies” at whom public hatred can be directed. This volume provides a wide range of case studies and historiographical reflections on the alarming recurrence of such violence in Turkish history, as atrocities against varied ethnic-religious groups from the nineteenth century to today have propelled the nation’s very sense of itself.