Antibiotic Optimization
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Antibiotic Optimization
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Author : Robert C. Owens
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2004-11-04
Antibiotic Optimization written by Robert C. Owens and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-11-04 with Medical categories.
This book focuses on topics ranging from the economics of drug-resistant infections and the management of antimicrobial use to new information on methods to optimize the selection, route of administration, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial therapies for common infections. In addition to offering ideas on studied programmatic approaches for judi
Improving Antibiotic Therapy In Critically Ill Patients Through Pharmacokinetic Dose Optimization
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Author : Caspar Hodiamont
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Improving Antibiotic Therapy In Critically Ill Patients Through Pharmacokinetic Dose Optimization written by Caspar Hodiamont and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
"Each year, thousands of critically ill patients admitted to Dutch intensive care units suffer from severe bacterial infections. Early and adequate antibiotic treatment significantly lowers the mortality of these infections. The efficacy and safety of antibiotics like gentamicin, vancomycin and ceftazidime depends on the concentrations that are achieved in serum and in infected body tissues. However, it is particularly difficult to achieve adequate antibiotic concentrations in critically ill patients because the pharmacokinetic processes may vary widely, both between these patients and within an individual patient during different stages of the infection. To increase the probability that effective antibiotic concentrations are reached timely in these patients, the use of optimized dosing strategies is recommended. This thesis investigates several of these strategies, ranging from the effect of a higher starting dose for all critically ill patients or for some individuals with specific patient characteristics to the use of continuous infusion or the use of therapeutic drug monitoring."--
Optimization Of Treatment Protocols To Prevent De Novo Development Of Antibiotic Resistance In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Author : Yanfang Feng
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Optimization Of Treatment Protocols To Prevent De Novo Development Of Antibiotic Resistance In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa written by Yanfang Feng and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
The ever-increasing rate of drug resistant bacteria has been one of the most challenging problem worldwide. This thesis studied the following subjects with mostly the clinically leading pathogen, P. aeruginosa, as the model strain: de novo development of antibiotic resistance in patient during the treatment, the influences of the therapy failure of an initial antibiotic treatment on the therapeutic effects of subsequent treatments, the dynamics of mutations during development of resistance by bacteria against the commonly used antibiotics in hospitals, and the optimal ways to administrate drugs in order to cure the infection and at the same time maximally reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistance.
Fundamentals Of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics
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Author : Alexander A. Vinks
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-23
Fundamentals Of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics written by Alexander A. Vinks and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-23 with Medical categories.
Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the theory and applications of pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. On the basis of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling concepts it has become possible to describe and predict the time course of antimicrobial effects under normal and pathophysiological conditions. The study of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships can be of considerable value in understanding drug action, defining optimal dosing regimens, and in making predictions under new or changing pre-clinical and clinical circumstances. Not surprisingly, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling concepts are increasingly applied in both basic and clinical research as well as in drug development. The book will be designed as a reference on the application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles for the optimization of antimicrobial therapy, namely pharmacotherapy, and infectious diseases. The reader will be introduced to various aspects of the fundamentals of antimicrobial pharmacodynamics, the integration of pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics for all major classes of antibiotics, and the translation of in vitro and animal model data to basic research and clinical situations in humans.
Biopharmaceutical Optimization Of Antibiotic Therapy For The Treatment Of Mycobacterium Abscessus Pulmonary Infections
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Author : Shachi Mehta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Biopharmaceutical Optimization Of Antibiotic Therapy For The Treatment Of Mycobacterium Abscessus Pulmonary Infections written by Shachi Mehta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Mycobacterium abscessus is rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria responsible for difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections in humans. Current recommended treatment is associated with high treatment failure and emergence of resistance to most of the antibiotics. Also, with only a few new antibiotic drugs active against multidrug-resistant bacteria approved every year, it is important to optimize the use of already existing antibiotics using biopharmaceutical approach like Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD). In pulmonary infections, direct administration of low permeability drugs such as cefoxitin (FOX) and amikacin (AMK) into lungs as therapeutic aerosols should increase their efficiency and minimize whole body exposure responsible for adverse effects, particularly in the case of prolonged treatments. Moreover, the use of antibiotics in combination may reduce the risk of resistance. Several points have been addressed in this thesis: 1. Biopharmaceutical studies of AMK and FOX: It was shown that after nebulization of AMK and FOX, pulmonary concentrations were almost 1000-fold higher than after intravenous administration for both antibiotics, making them a good candidate for nebulization. 2. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study of cefoxitin: a semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed from in vitro time kill-kinetics assay data, enabling identification of concentration-effect relationships for two bacterial sub-populations while taking into account the unstability degradation of cefoxitin.3. PK/PD study of bi-combination: Using a mechanism-based mathematical model and data obtained from time kill-kinetics study, it was shown that the combined effect of AMK and FOX was additive to synergistic at different concentration.4. Bi-or tri-combinations: several tri-combinations including AMK, FOX and a 3rd antibiotic (including clarithromycin, linezolid, clofazimine, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin and rifabutin) were tested against reference strain, clarithromycin resistance-clinical isolate (Ma1611) and multidrug-resistance-clinical isolate (T28). All tri-combinations were active against reference strain. Similar observation was made with Ma1611 except combination with clofazimine and clarithromycin. Any combination was active against T28. Bi-combination with highest concentrations of FOX and rifamycins were effective against T28. The synergy between FOX and fluoroquinolones or rifamycins suggests a potent role of these combinations that may warrant further optimization of treatment regimen for the treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary infections. 5. Tri-combination including AMK, FOX and moxifloxacin (MXF) up to 21 days against clarithromycin-resistance clinical isolate has shown no importance of using MXF as tri-combination was not more effective than the bi-combination of AMK and FOX.
Optimization Of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment In Companion And Food Animals
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Author : Nikola Puvača
language : en
Publisher: Mdpi AG
Release Date : 2021-10-31
Optimization Of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment In Companion And Food Animals written by Nikola Puvača and has been published by Mdpi AG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-31 with Medical categories.
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis has been the driver of several international strategies on antimicrobial stewardship. Despite their good intentions, such broad strategies are only slowly being implemented in real life. Antimicrobial resistance bacteria flow among humans and animals, and actions for fighting the problem must consider both sectors. Antimicrobial usage is one of the potential drivers for antimicrobial resistance. The usage of antibiotics concerning companion and food animals and antimicrobials is undoubtedly beneficial for the prevention of diseases and the improvement of livestock performance. Unfortunately, in veterinary medicine, which is challenged by a shortage of experts in key disciplines related to antimicrobial stewardship, there are few antimicrobial treatment guidelines and diagnostic tests are inferior compared to human microbiology, without providing enough valuable information, which makes it difficult to identify by whom, when, and how the antimicrobial products are used. The main aspects of antimicrobial resistance monitoring remain unsolved in both companion and food animals, the use of appropriate methods for collection of information at the animal and farm levels, and the choice of metrics of measurement of antimicrobial resistance and animal populations at risk.
Optimization Of Antibiotic Production And Immobilization Of Streptomyces Griseobrunneus P 33
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Author : R. Balagurunathan
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Optimization Of Antibiotic Production And Immobilization Of Streptomyces Griseobrunneus P 33 written by R. Balagurunathan and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Antibiotics categories.
During our efforts to search for new antibiotics from marine sediments a strain of Streptomyces griseobrunneus (p-33) was isolated and was found to produce -lactone type of antibiotic compound. To select the best medium for maximum antibiotic production different carbon and nitrogen sources in different combinations were used. Glucose and soybean meal were the best carbon and nitrogen sources. Different solvents and different pH level were used for extraction of antibiotic from culture broth. Ethyl acetate extract at pH 7 showed significant antimicrobial activity. The fermentation of immobilized cells S. griseobrunneus (p-33) in alginate beads generated 2.6 times more antibiotic substance and also showed two fold increase in antibiotic activity than the conventional fermentation. Thus the immobilization produced not only more antibiotic but also higher antibiotic activity. [Authors' abstract].
How To Overcome The Antibiotic Crisis
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Author : Marc Stadler
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-12-21
How To Overcome The Antibiotic Crisis written by Marc Stadler and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-12-21 with Medical categories.
This volume focuses on antibiotics research, a field of topical significance for human health due to the worrying increase of nosocomial infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. It covers several basic aspects, such as the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the influence of antibiotics on the gut microbiota, and addresses the search for novel pathogenicity blockers as well as historical aspects of antibiotics. Further topics include applied aspects, such as drug discovery based on biodiversity and genome mining, optimization of lead structures by medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and drug delivery technologies. Moreover, the development of vaccines as a valid alternative therapeutic approach is outlined, while the importance of epidemiological studies on important bacterial pathogens, the problems arising from the excessive use of antibiotics in animal breeding, and the development of innovative technologies for diagnosing the “bad bugs” are discussed in detail. Accordingly, the book will appeal to researchers and clinicians alike.
Antibiotic Discovery And Development
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Author : Thomas J. Dougherty
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-12-18
Antibiotic Discovery And Development written by Thomas J. Dougherty and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-18 with Medical categories.
This volume covers all aspects of the antibiotic discovery and development process through Phase II/III. The contributors, a group of highly experienced individuals in both academics and industry, include chapters on the need for new antibiotic compounds, strategies for screening for new antibiotics, sources of novel synthetic and natural antibiotics, discovery phases of lead development and optimization, and candidate compound nominations into development. Beyond discovery , the handbook will cover all of the studies to prepare for IND submission: Phase I (safety and dose ranging), progression to Phase II (efficacy), and Phase III (capturing desired initial indications). This book walks the reader through all aspects of the process, which has never been done before in a single reference. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and the increasing view that a crisis may be looming in infectious diseases, there are strong signs of renewed emphasis in antibiotic research. The purpose of the handbook is to offer a detailed overview of all aspects of the problem posed by antibiotic discovery and development.
Optimizing Antibiotic Treatment For The Critically Ill Through Pharmacometric Approaches
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Optimizing Antibiotic Treatment For The Critically Ill Through Pharmacometric Approaches written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Adequate dosing of antibiotics remains a major challenge for treating intensive care (ICU) patients, which are characterized by large pharmacokinetic (PK) variability between patients and within patients. In such cases, the conventional one-size-fits-all dosing strategy is flawed as the PK target may never be achieved in some patients. Pharmacometric modeling as an arising instrumental subject has shown its promising potentials in dose optimization. This thesis presented model development/validation, methodological optimization, and the application of such an approach in a real word setting with a focus on antibiotic treatment in ICU patients. The first section focused on the obtainment of pharmacometric models including both model validation and model development. In chapter 2, vancomycin models for ICU patients were selected from the literature and an external validation procedure was subsequently applied. The model by Roberts et al. was identified as the best model describing the data from our ICU patients with a median prediction error of -7.5%. In chapter 3, a model was developed to study the PK variability of ciprofloxacin in ICU patients. The study showed that there is still a large amount of PK variability of ciprofloxacin in the ICU population that cannot be explained by the inclusion of the most easily available covariates, such as body weight and renal function. One of the most important and common applications of pharmacometric modeling in clinical care lies within model-based therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). In the second section, taking vancomycin as an example, we focused on maximizing the value in the dose optimization that model-based TDM can bring to clinical care, from both a practical and methodological perspective. In chapter 4, we revealed that taking more samples has no added value compared to taking only trough samples.