Appeasement And Germany S Last Bid For Colonies
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Appeasement And Germany S Last Bid For Colonies
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Author : Andrew J Crozier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1988-06-07
Appeasement And Germany S Last Bid For Colonies written by Andrew J Crozier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-06-07 with History categories.
A Sacred Trust
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Author : Michael D Callahan
language : en
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
Release Date : 2004-09-29
A Sacred Trust written by Michael D Callahan and has been published by Liverpool University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-29 with History categories.
The second volume explains how the League of Nations mandates system fused two of the predominant and compelling global forces of the twentieth century: imperialism and Wilsonian internationalism. After the First World War, Britain and France administered most of Germany's former tropical African colonies as "mandates" under the supervision of the League as "a sacred trust of civilization." This system of international trusteeship changed British and French rule in Africa. In short, "mandates" were not "colonies." Mandates meant less militarism, more commercial equality, a greater emphasis on the interests of Africans, and an end to the extension of European national sovereignty over colonized peoples. Accountability to the League also required the British and French to reconsider traditional economic, strategic, and ideological assumptions about their empires. In the process, the "sacred trust" sowed the seeds of self-doubt about the very purpose and future of European imperialism. The mandates system continued to represent a genuine internationalisation and reformation of colonialism and had long-term economic, political, and cultural consequences for Africans and Europeans within the mandated territories. Despite the Depression, repeated Anglo-French foreign policy failures, growing humiliations for Geneva, and war in Africa and Europe, the principles and practices of international trusteeship proved persistent. Mandates demonstrated the relevance of international law, the importance of the League of Nations, and the impact of Wilsonian principles on international relations and European imperialism.
Violence And Colonial Order
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Author : Martin Thomas
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2012-09-20
Violence And Colonial Order written by Martin Thomas and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-20 with History categories.
This is a pioneering, multi-empire account of the relationship between the politics of imperial repression and the economic structures of European colonies between the two World Wars. Ranging across colonial Africa, Southeast Asia and the Caribbean, Martin Thomas explores the structure of local police forces, their involvement in colonial labour control and the containment of uprisings and dissent. His work sheds new light on broader trends in the direction and intent of colonial state repression. It shows that the management of colonial economies, particularly in crisis conditions, took precedence over individual imperial powers' particular methods of rule in determining the forms and functions of colonial police actions. The politics of colonial labour thus became central to police work, with the depression years marking a watershed not only in local economic conditions but also in the breakdown of the European colonial order more generally.
Public Opinion And The End Of Appeasement In Britain And France
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Author : Daniel Hucker
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-04-15
Public Opinion And The End Of Appeasement In Britain And France written by Daniel Hucker and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-15 with History categories.
The 1930s policy of appeasement is still fiercely debated by historians, critics and contemporary political commentators, more than 70 years after the signing of the 1938 Munich Agreement. What is less well-understood, however, is the role of public opinion on the formation of British and French policy in the period between Munich and the outbreak of the Second World War; not necessarily what public opinion was but how it was perceived to be by those in power and how this contributed to the policymaking process. It therefore fills a considerable gap in an otherwise vast literature, seeking to ascertain the extent to which public opinion can be said to have influenced the direction of foreign policy in a crucial juncture of British and French diplomatic history. Employing an innovative and unique methodological framework, the author distinguishes between two categories of representation: firstly, 'reactive' representations of opinion, the immediate and spontaneous reactions of the public to circumstances and events as they occur; and secondly, 'residual' representations, which can be defined as the remnants of previous memories and experiences, the more general tendencies of opinion considered characteristic of previous years, even previous decades. It is argued that the French government of Édouard Daladier was consistently more attuned to the evolution of 'reactive' representations than the British government of Neville Chamberlain and, consequently, it was the French rather than the British who first pursued a firmer policy towards the European dictatorships. This comparative approach reveals a hitherto hidden facet of the diplomatic prelude to the Second World War; that British policy towards France and French policy towards Britain were influenced by their respective perceptions of public opinion in the other country. A sophisticated analysis of a crucial period in international history, this book will be essential reading for scholars of the origins of World War II, the political scenes of late 1930s Britain and France, and the study of public opinion and its effects on policy.
A New Idea Each Morning
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Author : Wendy Way
language : en
Publisher: ANU E Press
Release Date : 2013-05-17
A New Idea Each Morning written by Wendy Way and has been published by ANU E Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-17 with History categories.
In the years between the two world wars of the twentieth century leaders in Western countries worried about a food surplus. The hardships of the Great Depression were intensified by a glut of wheat and consequent low prices on the world market. Yet at the same time nutrition scientists protested that significant proportions of populations, even in affluent countries, were unable to afford a diet adequate for health. Fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy products and meat were out of reach for the poor. This book traces the work of three men who sought to bring together the interests of farmers and the needs of the hungry: scientist and passionate campaigner for better nutrition, John Boyd Orr; Australian politician and international statesman, Stanley Melbourne Bruce; and Economic Adviser to Bruce at the Australian High Commission in London, Frank Lidgett McDougall. Bruce once said McDougall brings me a new idea every morning. One of those ideas became the genesis of their work, which helped bring about the formation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1945. All three undertook significant roles in the formative years of the organisation. The story of this contribution to the international world order is little known. The cooperation, diplomacy and persistence of these men provides inspiration for tackling the alarming prospect of food shortages in the present century.
Collision Of Empires
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Author : G. Bruce Strang
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-05-23
Collision Of Empires written by G. Bruce Strang and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-23 with History categories.
Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 marked a turning point in interwar Europe. The last great European colonial conquest in Africa, the conflict represented an enormous gamble for the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. He faced a challenge not only from a stout Ethiopian defence, but also from difficult logistics made worse by the League of Nations' half-hearted sanctions. Mussolini faced down this opposition, and Italian troops, aided by air superiority and liberal use of yprite gas, conquered Addis Ababa within eight months, a victory that shocked many military observers of the time with its speed and suddenness. The invasion had enormous repercussions on European international relations. In the midst of a national election campaign, the British National Government had felt constrained to support the League, despite fears that sanctions through the League could lead to war with Italy. The concentration of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea alienated Mussolini and placed the French government on the horns of dilemma; should France support its military partner, Italy, or its more important potential ally, Great Britain? French attempts to mark out a middle ground did little to placate the Duce, and the crisis seemed to develop a deep rift between Fascist Italy and the Anglo-French democracies, while at the same time creating a crisis in Anglo-French relations. Mussolini turned towards Nazi Germany in an attempt to end his diplomatic isolation during the sanctions episode, although Hitler considered the Duce's friendship a mixed blessing. The question of American adherence to sanctions increased ill will between British politicians and the Roosevelt administration in Washington, as each tended to blame the other for the failure of oil sanctions and the collapse of collective security. The international crisis posed similarly thorny problems for the smaller powers of Europe, and for Japan and the Soviet Union. The crisis impeded common defence against Fascist expansionism while giving impetus to claims of the revisionist powers. Despite the tremendous importance of the international crisis, however, little new work on the subject has appeared in recent decades. In this volume, an international cast of contributors take a fresh look at the crisis through the lens of new evidence and new approaches to international relations history to provide the most comprehensive coverage of the crisis currently possible, and their work provides new frames of reference for exploring imperialism, collective security and genocide.
The Triumph Of The Dark
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Author : Zara Steiner
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2011-03-31
The Triumph Of The Dark written by Zara Steiner and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-03-31 with History categories.
In this magisterial narrative, Zara Steiner traces the twisted road to war that began with Hitler's assumption of power in Germany. Covering a wide geographical canvas, from America to the Far East, Steiner provides an indispensable reassessment of the most disputed events of these tumultuous years. Steiner underlines the far-reaching consequences of the Great Depression, which shifted the initiative in international affairs from those who upheld the status quo to those who were intent on destroying it. In Europe, the l930s were Hitler's years. He moved the major chess pieces on the board, forcing the others to respond. From the start, Steiner argues, he intended war, and he repeatedly gambled on Germany's future to acquire the necessary resources to fulfil his continental ambitions. Only war could have stopped him-an unwelcome message for most of Europe. Misperception, miscomprehension, and misjudgment on the part of the other Great Powers leaders opened the way for Hitler's repeated diplomatic successes. It is ideology that distinguished the Hitler era from previous struggles for the mastery of Europe. Ideological presumptions created false images and raised barriers to understanding that even good intelligence could not penetrate. Only when the leaders of Britain and France realized the scale of Hitler's ambition, and the challenge Germany posed to their Great Power status, did they finally declare war.
Colonial Captivity During The First World War
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Author : Mahon Murphy
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018
Colonial Captivity During The First World War written by Mahon Murphy and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with History categories.
This new analysis of internment outside Europe helps us to understand the First World War as a truly global conflict.
British Foreign Secretaries In An Uncertain World 1919 1939
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Author : Michael Hughes
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2006
British Foreign Secretaries In An Uncertain World 1919 1939 written by Michael Hughes and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Foreign ministers categories.
This book examines the careers of the men who served as British Foreign Secretary between 1919 and 1939, focusing in particular on the ways in which they sought to mould foreign policy.
Mandates And Empire
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Author : Michael D Callahan
language : en
Publisher: Liverpool University Press
Release Date : 2008-04-10
Mandates And Empire written by Michael D Callahan and has been published by Liverpool University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-10 with Political Science categories.
Compares the impact of the League of Nations mandates system on British and French rule in African mandated territories.