Assessment Of Alternatives
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Assessment Of Alternatives
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Assessment Of Alternatives written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Cement plants categories.
A Framework To Guide Selection Of Chemical Alternatives
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2014-10-29
A Framework To Guide Selection Of Chemical Alternatives written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-29 with Science categories.
Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments.
Alternatives In Assessment Of Achievements Learning Processes And Prior Knowledge
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Author : Menucha Birenbaum
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Alternatives In Assessment Of Achievements Learning Processes And Prior Knowledge written by Menucha Birenbaum and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Education categories.
Achievement assessment has undergone a major shift, from what some call a `culture of testing' to a `culture of assessment'. Nowadays, a strong emphasis is placed on the integration of assessment and instruction, on assessing processes rather than just products, and on evaluating individual progress relative to each student's starting point. This book addresses assessment issues in light of the present state of affairs. The first part discusses new alternatives in the assessment of achievement in various subject areas, focusing on agenda, practice, impact and evaluation of the assessment. The second part deals with issues related to assessment of the learning process, specifically: questions concerning the assessment of individual differences in prior knowledge, learning skills and strategies.
Using Alternative Assessments In Vocational Education
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Author : Brian M. Stecher
language : en
Publisher: RAND Corporation
Release Date : 1997
Using Alternative Assessments In Vocational Education written by Brian M. Stecher and has been published by RAND Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Education categories.
This volume covers a study of the utility of alternative (i.e., non-multiple choice) forms of student assessment for vocational education, the primary objective of which was to describe various alternative assessments currently available and offer criteria for choosing among them. Six operational programs were used as case studies; each employs one or more constructed-response measures, and together they represent a range of assessment options. Each was critically reviewed based on descriptive materials, research literature, interviews, and, in four cases, site visits. The evaluation focused on comparing the different assessments' quality (reliability, validity, fairness), feasibility (cost, time, complexity, credibility), and potential usefulness for vocational educators. Design and implementation issues important to any decisions about using alternative assessments were determined (e.g., the need to clarify the assessment's purpose), as well as related issues (e.g., the relative advantages of low versus high stakes, voluntary versus mandatory participation). Illustrations are given of how vocational educators can use this review as an aid in determining the usefulness of the alternatives for a particular situation.
A Practical Guide To Alternative Assessment
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Author : Joan L. Herman
language : en
Publisher: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development
Release Date : 1992
A Practical Guide To Alternative Assessment written by Joan L. Herman and has been published by Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Education categories.
Reviews the purposes of assessment, and provides a rationale for the development of alternative forms for measuring student achievement.
Assessment Alternatives In Mathematics
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Author : Jean Kerr Stenmark
language : en
Publisher: University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Hall of Science
Release Date : 1989
Assessment Alternatives In Mathematics written by Jean Kerr Stenmark and has been published by University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Hall of Science this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Mathematics categories.
"This is a review of methods to assess students' real mathematics achievement, including looking at students' completed tasks or products (portfolios, writing, investigations, and open-ended quesitons) and at students' performance or how they are working (through observations, interviews, and questions). It also discusses student self-assessment, gives sample problems, and raises issues that need to be considered."--Publisher's description.
Toxicity Assessment Alternatives
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Author : Harry Salem
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1999-07-02
Toxicity Assessment Alternatives written by Harry Salem and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-07-02 with Medical categories.
Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities contains a broad array of critical surveys, contributed by active and respected investigators, describing their research and offering updates on toxicity assessment alternatives, directions determined by current and future grant programs, opportunities for mechanistically based test methods to detect endocrine disruptor activity, the use of alternatives in the Department of Defense hazard assessment initiatives, and the issues and opportunities for validation and regulatory acceptance. Several of these advances make use oftransgenic models that reduce the time and cost of carcinogenicity testing. Others use tissue cultures for the assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes are applicable as models for sulfur mustard lesions, and in vitro protein denaturation is used as a chemical test for assessing the ocular and dermal irritation potential of cosmetic prod ucts. Molecular modeling is applied to explaining chemical toxicity. Commercially developed assay systems have undergone extensive evaluation by their manufacturers. Some of these await external valida tion, and others await acceptance by North American and European regulatory agencies. Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities provides information from members of the scientific and regulatory communities on what has been achieved and what has been accepted in alternatives to animal testing.
Making Better Environmental Decisions
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Author : Mary O'Brien
language : en
Publisher: Mit Press
Release Date : 2000
Making Better Environmental Decisions written by Mary O'Brien and has been published by Mit Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Science categories.
For the past quarter-century, government and the private sector have relied heavily on risk assessment for making decisions, allowing widespread environmental deterioration. In this book, Mary O'Brien recommends a simple yet profound shift to another decision-making technique: "alternatives assessment." Instead of asking how much of a hazardous activity is safe (which translates into how much damage the environment can tolerate), alternatives assessment asks how we can avoid or minimize damage while achieving society's goals. Alternatives assessment is a simple, commonsense alternative to risk assessment. It is based on the premise that it is not acceptable to damage human and nonhuman health or the environment if there are reasonable alternatives. The approach calls for taking precautionary measures even if some cause-and-effect relationships have not been fully established scientifically. The process must involve an examination of the full range of alternatives, including no action at all. Equally important, it must be democratic and include potentially affected parties. O'Brien not only makes a persuasive case for alternative assessment; she tells how to implement it. She also shows how this technique has profound implications for public health, for our stewardship of the environment, and for a truly democratic government. Published in association with the Environmental Research Foundation.
Assessment Of Alternatives
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Author : United States. National Park Service
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1980
Assessment Of Alternatives written by United States. National Park Service and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1980 with Coastal zone management categories.
Bibliography Of Assessment Alternatives
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Bibliography Of Assessment Alternatives written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Reading categories.
Consists of an annotated bibliography of materials held by the Test Center.