Assessment On U S Defense Implications Of China S Expanding Global Access Direct Military Means One Belt One Road And Digital Silk Road Initiatives
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Assessment On U S Defense Implications Of China S Expanding Global Access Direct Military Means One Belt One Road And Digital Silk Road Initiatives
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-02-08
Assessment On U S Defense Implications Of China S Expanding Global Access Direct Military Means One Belt One Road And Digital Silk Road Initiatives written by U. S. Military and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-08 with History categories.
This report assesses China's global expansion by military and nonmilitary means, implications of China's activities, and the U.S. response, as mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018, Public Law 115-91. China's Global Expansion - The report describes China's expansion by a range of means, including military access and engagement; the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) and Digital Silk Road initiatives; technology acquisition; and a growing economic footprint; with a focus on areas of military expertise. The Chinese Communist Party's foreign policy reflects its strategic objectives. The U.S. National Security Strategy states that China seeks to displace the United States in the Indo-Pacific region, expand the reaches of its state-driven economic model, and reorder the region in its favor as the preeminent power. China's most substantial expansion of its military access in recent years has occurred in its near-abroad, where territorial disputes in the East and South China Seas persist, but China has also expanded its military operations further from the Chinese mainland. China seeks this presence based on its changing military focus and expanding international economic interests, which are increasing demands for the PLA to operate in more distant maritime environments to protect Chinese citizens, investments, and critical sea lines of communication.China in 2018 indicated interest in establishing bases in Cambodia and Vanuatu. Although both governments have publicly stated they are not willing to host a Chinese military base, Phnom Penh in the last two years has agreed to receive new military aid from Beijing and participate in bilateral exercises with the PLA. In 2017, China's leaders said OBOR, which at first included economic initiatives in Asia, South Asia, Africa, and Europe, now encompasses all regions of the world, including the Arctic and Latin America, demonstrating the scope and reach of Beijing's ambition. While some OBOR projects appear to be motivated by economic considerations, OBOR also serves a greater strategic purpose. China intends to use OBOR to develop strong economic ties with other countries, shape their interests to align with China's, and deter confrontation or criticism of China's approach to or stance on sensitive issues.Contents: Assessment on U.S. Defense Implications of China's Expanding Global Access * 2019 U.S. Intelligence Community Worldwide Threat Assessment
Assessment On U S Defense Implications Of China S Expanding Global Access One Belt One Road And Digital Silk Road Infrastructure Military Access And Engagement Media And Influence Operations
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Author : U S Military
language : en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date : 2019-05-05
Assessment On U S Defense Implications Of China S Expanding Global Access One Belt One Road And Digital Silk Road Infrastructure Military Access And Engagement Media And Influence Operations written by U S Military and has been published by Independently Published this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-05 with categories.
This report assesses China's global expansion by military and nonmilitary means, implications of China's activities, and the U.S. response, as mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 115-91. It describes China's expansion by a range of means, including military access and engagement; the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) and Digital Silk Road initiatives; technology acquisition; and a growing economic footprint; with a focus on areas of military expertise.The Chinese Communist Party's foreign policy reflects its strategic objectives. The U.S. National Security Strategy states that China seeks to displace the United States in the Indo-Pacific region, expand the reaches of its state-driven economic model, and reorder the region in its favor as the preeminent power. China's most substantial expansion of its military access in recent years has occurred in its near-abroad, where territorial disputes in the East and South China Seas persist, but China has also expanded its military operations further from the Chinese mainland. China seeks this presence based on its changing military focus and expanding international economic interests, which are increasing demands for the PLA to operate in more distant maritime environments to protect Chinese citizens, investments, and critical sea lines of communication. China in 2018 indicated interest in establishing bases in Cambodia and Vanuatu. Although both governments have publicly stated they are not willing to host a Chinese military base, Phnom Penh in the last two years has agreed to receive new military aid from Beijing and participate in bilateral exercises with the PLA.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.In 2017, China's leaders said OBOR, which at first included economic initiatives in Asia, South Asia, Africa, and Europe, now encompasses all regions of the world, including the Arctic and Latin America, demonstrating the scope and reach of Beijing's ambition. While some OBOR projects appear to be motivated by economic considerations, OBOR also serves a greater strategic purpose. China intends to use OBOR to develop strong economic ties with other countries, shape their interests to align with China's, and deter confrontation or criticism of China's approach to or stance on sensitive issues. President Xi has promoted the "21st Century Digital Silk Road" alongside OBOR. Chinese state-owned or state-affiliated enterprises, including China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile, Huawei, and ZTE, have invested or submitted bids globally in areas such as 5G mobile technology, fiber optic links, undersea cables, remote sensing infrastructure connected to China's Beidou satellite navigation system, and other information and communications technology infrastructure. While providing benefits to host countries, these projects will also facilitate China's efforts to expand science and technology cooperation, promote its unique national technical standards, further its objectives for technology transfer, and potentially enable politically-motivated censorship. Data legally acquired via some of these projects may also contribute to China's own technological development in areas such as artificial intelligence.I. Introduction * II. China's Global Expansion * A. China's Strategic Intent * B. Expansion by Direct Military Means * Military Access * Military Engagement * C. Expansion by Non-Military Means * Infrastructure Investment: The One Belt, One Road Initiative * Infrastructure Investment: The "Digital Silk Road" Initiative * Broader Economic Trends * Technology Acquisition * Media and Influence Operations * Tourism * III. Implications of China's Activities * A. Posture and Access * B. Training and Logistics * C. Opportunities for Influence * IV. U.S. Response
Securing The Belt And Road Initiative
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Author : Alessandro Arduino
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-02-01
Securing The Belt And Road Initiative written by Alessandro Arduino and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-01 with Political Science categories.
This collection explores the expansion of Chinese outbound investments, aimed to sustain the increased need for natural resources, and how they have amplified the magnitude of a possible international crisis that the People’s Republic of China may face in the near future by bringing together the views of a wide range of scholars. President Xi’s Belt and Road initiative (BRI), aimed to promote economic development and exchanges with China for over 60 countries, necessitates a wide range of security procedures. While the threats to Chinese enterprises and Chinese workers based on foreign soil are poised to increase, there is an urgent need to develop new guidelines for risk assessment, special insurance and crisis management. While the Chinese State Owned Enterprises are expanding their international reach capabilities, they still do not have the capacity to assure adequate security. In such a climate, this collection will be of profound value to policy makers, those working in the financial sector, and academics.
China S Belt And Road
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Author : Jennifer Hillman
language : en
Publisher: Council on Foreign Relations Press
Release Date : 2021-03-23
China S Belt And Road written by Jennifer Hillman and has been published by Council on Foreign Relations Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-23 with categories.
China's massive, globe-spanning Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) seeks to build everything from railways, ports, and power plants to telecommunications infrastructure and fiber-optic cables. Chinese President Xi Jinping's signature foreign policy endeavor, BRI has the potential to meet developing countries' needs and spur economic growth, but its implementation creates risks that outweigh its benefits. Unless the United States offers an effective alternative, China could reorient global trade networks, set technical standards that would disadvantage non-Chinese companies, lock countries into carbon-intensive power generation, increase its political influence over countries, and acquire power projection capabilities for its military. The COVID-19 pandemic has made a U.S. response more urgent as the global economic contraction has accelerated the reckoning with BRI-related debt. China's Belt and Road: Implications for the United States proposes that the United States respond to BRI by putting forward an affirmative agenda of its own, drawing on its strengths and coordinating with allies and partners to promote sustainable, secure, and green development.
China S Quest For Global Primacy
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Author : Timothy R. Heath
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021-06-07
China S Quest For Global Primacy written by Timothy R. Heath and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-07 with History categories.
This research explores possible strategies that China might employ to outcompete the United States. The authors of this report aim to support U.S. planning, educate readers about Chinese strategy, and spur discussion on U.S.-China competition.
China S Belt And Road Initiative Bri
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Author : Senate of the United States of America
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-07-18
China S Belt And Road Initiative Bri written by Senate of the United States of America and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-18 with categories.
This is an important report compilation of testimony at a 2018 hearing that assessed the status of China's Belt and Road initiative five years on, focusing on its economic, military, and geostrategic drivers and implications, as well as regional reactions and competing visions. The hearing also explored how China's Belt and Road initiative impacts U.S. economic and national security interests.Panel I: Mercantilism with Chinese Characteristics: Creating Markets and Cultivating Influence * 1. Nadege Rolland, Senior Fellow for Political and Security Affairs, National Bureau of Asian Research * 2. Jonathan Hillman, Fellow and Director, Reconnecting Asia Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies * 3. Randal Phillips, Managing Partner, Mintz Group * Panel II: The Geostrategic and Military Drivers and Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative * 4. Ely Ratner, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies, Council on Foreign Relations * 5. Joel Wuthnow, Research Fellow, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, National Defense University.77 * 6. Daniel Kliman, Senior Fellow, Asia-Pacific Security Program, Center for a New American Security * Panel III: Regional Reactions and Competing Visions * 7. Andrew Small, Senior Transatlantic Fellow, German Marshall Fund of the United States * 8. Joshua Eisenman, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin * 9. Tobias Harris, Economy, Trade, and Business Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation USAChinese infrastructure projects have the potential to offload some of the excess industrial capacity currently weighing down China's economy. If executed well, they could provide crucial economic opportunities for developing countries around the world. They could also help burnish China's image as a responsible stakeholder and divert attention from more aggressive aspects of its foreign policy. On the other hand, poorly-run projects that prioritize Chinese gains at the expense of the host country's economy and citizenry would be no more than empty economic gestures, and could bring significant unpleasant reputational costs to Beijing. Perhaps more concerning, Chinese economic engagement could give way to dangerously lopsided bilateral relationships and create opportunities for Beijing to employ greater economic coercion against smaller partner countries.Security risks abound as well. For example, although the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is arguably the most well-developed and promising component of the Belt and Road Initiative, Pakistan has become one of the most dangerous countries in the world for Chinese workers and citizens. Despite-or perhaps because of-the enormity of the Belt and Road Initiative, some U.S. policymakers, businesses, and citizens have struggled to understand the breadth and depth of this effort. Today, we hope to shed light on the current status of the PRC's initiative and to consider whether and how it has the potential to reshape Eurasia and diminish our ability to positively influence events in Central, Southeast and South Asia.China does not have a monopoly on plans to facilitate connectivity and trade across Eurasia and the Indian Ocean region. During our hearing today, we will examine regional reactions to China's Belt and Road Initiative as well as competing visions for regional connectivity, which have existed long before the Belt and Road Initiative. For example, the United States launched the New Silk Road Initiative in 2011. Today, other regional powers, such as India and Japan, are actively promoting their own initiatives to bolster economic growth and infrastructure development. These efforts present opportunities for the United States to work with its allies and partners to provide complementary or alternative options to China's Belt and Road.
China S Engagement In The Pacific Islands
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Author : U S - China Security Review Commission
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-06-02
China S Engagement In The Pacific Islands written by U S - China Security Review Commission and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-02 with categories.
As Beijing steps up its global engagement under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and President Xi Jinping, China is also increasing its involvement in the Pacific Islands region. Beijing's heightened engagement in the region in recent years is driven by its broader diplomatic and strategic interests, reducing Taiwan's international space, and gaining access to raw materials and natural resources. Although the Pacific Islands receive less of China's attention and resources compared to other areas of the world, Beijing includes the region in its key diplomatic and economic development policy-the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)-which suggests China has geostrategic interests in the region. An April 2018 news report on purported discussions over a potential Chinese military base on Vanuatu, though denied by both countries, raises concerns that a Chinese base could be established in the Pacific Islands. Such a development could pose challenges to U.S. defense interests and those of Australia and New Zealand, key U.S. partners in the region. Over the last five years, Beijing has significantly bolstered its economic ties with the Pacific Islands. An examination of trade, investment, development assistance, and tourism data shows China has become one of the major players in the region, well ahead of the United States in most areas. Beijing concentrates much of its economic engagement, especially aid and tourism, among its eight diplomatic partners in the region, but recently it has also made inroads with other Pacific Island countries, including Taiwan's diplomatic partners.This paper is the product of professional research performed by staff of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, and was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Executive Summary * Introduction * China's Interests in the Pacific Islands * Promoting China's Diplomatic and Strategic Priorities * Reducing Taiwan's International Space * Gaining Access to Resources * Chinese Engagement in the Pacific Islands * Economic Engagement * Trade * Investment * Development Assistance * Tourism * Diplomatic Engagement * High-Level Visits * Public Diplomacy * Security Engagement * Implications for the United States * Concerns over U.S. Compact Agreements and Increased Competition with China in the Region * Concerns for U.S. Defense Interests * Increasing China's Influence in Regional and International Organizations * China's Diplomatic Competition with Taiwan * Appendix I: Pacific Islands Data * Appendix II: China's Economic Engagement in the Pacific IslandsBeijing's growing engagement in the Pacific Islands pose a number of implications for U.S. interests in the region. China's inroads in Micronesia, where most of the United States' engagement in the Pacific Islands is concentrated, could threaten U.S. Compact of Free Association agreements with Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia over the long term. Some analysts are concerned China is trying to erode U.S. influence in the region to weaken the U.S. military presence and create an opening for Chinese military access. In the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a U.S. territory near Guam in Micronesia, Chinese investors' casino resort developments could complicate U.S. Department of Defense plans in CNMI for extensive training and exercises resulting from the recent relocation of Marines from Okinawa, Japan.
China S Grand Strategy
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Author : Andrew Scobell
language : en
Publisher: Rand Corporation
Release Date : 2020-07-27
China S Grand Strategy written by Andrew Scobell and has been published by Rand Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-27 with History categories.
To explore what extended competition between the United States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors of this report identified and characterized China’s grand strategy, analyzed its component national strategies (diplomacy, economics, science and technology, and military affairs), and assessed how successful China might be at implementing these over the next three decades.
China S Belt And Road A Game Changer
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Author : Alessia Amighini (a cura di)
language : en
Publisher: Edizioni Epoké
Release Date : 2017-07-11
China S Belt And Road A Game Changer written by Alessia Amighini (a cura di) and has been published by Edizioni Epoké this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-11 with Political Science categories.
Officially announced by Xi Jinping in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has since become the centrepiece of China’s economic diplomacy. It is a commitment to ease bottlenecks to Eurasian trade by improving and building networks of connectivity across Central and Western Asia, where the BRI aims to act as a bond for the projects of regional cooperation and integration already in progress in Southern Asia. But it also reaches out to the Middle East as well as East and North Africa, a truly strategic area where the Belt joins the Road. Europe, the end-point of the New Silk Roads, both by land and by sea, is the ultimate geographic destination and political partner in the BRI. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the BRI, its logic, rationale and implications for international economic and political relations.
China S Eurasian Century
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Author : Nadáege Rolland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
China S Eurasian Century written by Nadáege Rolland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with China categories.
China's Belt and Road Initiative has become the organizing foreign policy concept of the Xi Jinping era. The 21st-century version of the Silk Road will take shape around a vast network of transportation, energy, and telecommunication infrastructure linking Europe and Africa to Asia. Drawing from the work of Chinese official and analytic communities, China's Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative examines the concept's origins, drivers, and various component parts, as well as China's domestic and international objectives. Nadáege Rolland shows how the Belt and Road Initiative reflects Beijing's desire to shape Eurasia according to its own worldview and unique characteristics. More than a list of revamped infrastructure projects, the initiative is a grand strategy that serves China's vision for itself as the preponderant power in Eurasia and a global power second to none.