Attempts To Correct The Us Embargo Against Cuba
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Attempts To Correct The Us Embargo Against Cuba
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Author : Caroline Mutuku
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2018-07-13
Attempts To Correct The Us Embargo Against Cuba written by Caroline Mutuku and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-13 with Business & Economics categories.
Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Economics - Foreign Trade Theory, Trade Policy, grade: 1, , language: English, abstract: For half a century now, Cuba has been facing an economic, financial, and commercial embargo imposed by the United States. When Cuba nationalized foreign property and businesses (nationalization of American-owned oil refineries in Cuba) in the 1960s, the Unites States government imposed an economic sanction against Cuba by stopping sugar cane imports from the country. Moreover, the scope of the sanction has widened over the years comprising of economic, financial, and commercial sanctions. In 1960, the US came up with a policy to isolate the island nation through a number of economic and financial sanctions such as the trade embargo and financial transactions, freezing of Cuba government assets in the US, and prohibition of financial transactions with Cuba. International forums including the UN General Assembly and the International Community have continuously condemned the ongoing embargo against Cuba because it violates international law such as the human rights. The various US administrations have made attempts to correct the Cuba embargo, for instance the Clinton Administration (1998), to enhance direct flights to Cuba, streamlining of commercial sale of medicine, equipment, and medical supplies to Cuba and resumption of cash remittances by the US nationals in order to support their relatives in Cuba. In 1999, the Bush administration further implemented policies intended to help Cuba people. An example is the broadening of cash remittances to ensure that all the US residents can send cash to Cuba and loosening travel bans for a number of traveler categories such as sports activities, religious, and professional researchers. The Bush administration, on the other hand, also tightened the sanctions by isolating Cuba through a number of economic sanctions.
Economic Sanctions As An Instrument Of U S Foreign Policy
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Author : Helen Osieja
language : en
Publisher: Universal-Publishers
Release Date : 2006
Economic Sanctions As An Instrument Of U S Foreign Policy written by Helen Osieja and has been published by Universal-Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Law categories.
Economic sanctions have been used as an instrument of American foreign policy ever since the Taft administration adopted the Dollar Diplomacy. This dissertation analyzes the trade Embargo the United States imposed upon Cuba after the Revolution from different perspectives: from the political, considering the main guidelines of American foreign policy toward Latin America, especially during the Cold War, and from the juridical, considering different perspectives of customary international law. Since the embargo was imposed only after American property had been expropriated without compensation, the dissertation analyzes the legality of expropriation, seen from the perspective of both capital-importing and capital-exporting countries, and the legality of economic sanctions as a legitimate peaceful reprisal. Due to the fact that the American embargo against Cuba is quasi-total, that is, consists of a number of different economic sanctions, it is the aim of this dissertation to analyze each of these, and finally, to assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy. Many books and articles have been written about this very controversial embargo, almost as old as the Cuban Revolution itself. For the Cubans, it constitutes and "economic blockade", and a violation of Cuba's right to free trade; for the Americans, it is a reprisal for the confiscation of American property. Nonetheless, since the embargo, as stated above, is not a sanction itself but a number of different economic sanctions, it is the aim of this dissertation to analyze each of the sanctions that comprise the embargo and its legality, according to customary international law. Another aim of this dissertation is to prove why the American embargo against Cuba has only enhanced Castro's power and further centralized it. A brief chapter about the economic sanctions the United States imposed upon Chile under President Salvador Allende and the fall of his regime serves to compare the two cases with some similarities where sanctions were applied- in the first without success and in the second with success. Finally, the dissertation aims to prove that a lifting of the American embargo against Cuba is highly unlikely unless there is a change of regime in that nation of the Caribbean.
Anatomy Of A Failed Embargo
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Author : Donna Rich Kaplowitz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Anatomy Of A Failed Embargo written by Donna Rich Kaplowitz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with POLITICAL SCIENCE categories.
Among the most comprehensive and longest-lasting embargoes in the history of U.S. foreign policy, the embargo against Cuba reflects the intricacies of the modern world: struggles for independence, relationships among national, regional, and global sources of power, and both North-South and East-West conflicts. Kaplowitz provides the most comprehensive historical analysis to date of the U.S. embargo and also explains why it has failed to achieve its major objectives--most notably the ouster of Fidel Castro--despite its longevity and exhaustive scope. Donna Rich Kaplowitz is adjunct professor of political science at Michigan State University and president of Cuba Research Associates. In 1988-1992, she served as deputy director of the Cuban Studies Program at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, where she was also founder and executive editor of CubaINFO. Her publications include The Cuba Reader and Cuba's Ties to a Changing World.
Cuba
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Author : Peter Schwab
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Cuba written by Peter Schwab and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Cuba categories.
This text details and analyzes the effects of the US embargo on Cuban society and the response of Cuba and its population to overcoming its consequences whilst raising the question of how extensively the implementation of the embargo violates the human rights of Cuba and its citizens. The political dynamic among Cuba, Europe and the United States is observed within the context of the embargo cum blockade along with the political outcome each struggled to reach. Cuba and the Eastern Caribbean serves as a case study of how the US attempted to isolate Cuba using military and economic means, and how Fidel Castro responded. Who won and who lost is an important consideration more decisive is the nature of the struggle.
The Economic War Against Cuba
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Author : Salim Lamrani
language : en
Publisher: NYU Press
Release Date : 2013-03-01
The Economic War Against Cuba written by Salim Lamrani and has been published by NYU Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-01 with History categories.
It is impossible to fully understand Cuba today without also understanding the economic sanctions levied against it by the United States. For over fifty years, these sanctions have been upheld by every presidential administration, and at times intensified by individual presidents and acts of Congress. They are a key part of the U.S. government’s ongoing campaign to undermine the Cuban Revolution, and stand in egregious violation of international law. Most importantly, the sanctions are cruelly designed for their harmful impact on the Cuban people. In this concise and sober account, Salim Lamrani explains everything you need to know about U.S. economic sanctions against Cuba: their origins, their provisions, how they contravene international law, and how they affect the lives of Cubans. He examines the U.S. government’s own official documents to expose what is hiding in plain sight: an indefensible, vicious, and wasteful blockade that has been roundly condemned by citizens around the world.
Economic Sanctions
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Author : United States. Government Accountability Office
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Economic Sanctions written by United States. Government Accountability Office and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Administrative agencies categories.
The 48-year U.S. embargo on Cuba aims to deny resources to the Castro regime by prohibiting most trade, travel, and financial transactions with Cuba. The departments of Commerce, Homeland Security (DHS), Justice, and the Treasury are responsible for enforcing the embargo as well as protecting homeland and national security. Since 2001, U.S. agencies have changed the embargo's rules in response to new laws and policies. GAO was asked to examine (1) the rule changes in 2001-2005 and their impact on U.S. exports, travel, cash transfers, and gifts to Cuba; (2) U.S. agencies' embargo-related activities and workloads; and (3) factors affecting the embargo's enforcement. GAO analyzed laws, regulations, and agency data, interviewed agency officials, and observed agency activities at Port Everglades and Miami International Airport, Florida. The loosening of embargo rules on some exports led to increased agricultural shipments to Cuba, but the impact of tighter restrictions on travel, cash transfers, and gifts is unknown. In 2001, responding to a new law, Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) loosened embargo restrictions on some trade with Cuba. U.S. exports to Cuba--mostly agricultural products--rose from about $6 million to about $350 million from 2000 to 2006. In 2004, responding to new administration policy, OFAC tightened rules on travel to Cuba, for example, by requiring that all family travelers obtain specific Treasury licenses and reducing the permitted frequency of family visits from once a year to once every 3 years, and it also tightened rules for sending cash transfers and gift parcels. Because reliable data are not available, the impact of these tighter restrictions on travel, cash transfers, and gifts cannot be determined. U.S. agencies enforce the Cuba embargo primarily by licensing and inspecting exports and travelers and by investigating and penalizing or prosecuting embargo violations. BIS processed twice as many exports license applications for Cuba in 2006 than in 2001, and OFAC issued about 40 percent more Cuba travel licenses in 2006 than in 2003. Reflecting the administration's embargo-tightening policy, DHS's Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspects all exports to Cuba at Port Everglades and, since 2004, has increased intensive, "secondary" inspections of passengers arriving from Cuba at the Miami airport; in 2007, CBP conducted these inspections for 20 percent of arrivals from Cuba versus an average of 3 percent of other international arrivals. CBP data and interviews with agency officials suggest that the secondary inspections of Cuba arrivals at the airport may strain CBP's ability to carry out its mission of keeping terrorists, criminals, and other inadmissible aliens from entering the country. Moreover, recent GAO reports have found weaknesses in CBP's inspections capacity at key U.S. ports of entry nationwide. After 2001, OFAC opened more investigations and imposed more penalties for embargo violations, such as buying Cuban cigars, than for violations of other sanctions, such as those on Iran. In contrast, BIS, DHS's Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and Justice have primarily investigated, penalized, or prosecuted export violations and crimes that present a greater threat to homeland and national security or public safety. U.S. officials and others told GAO that several factors hinder enforcement of the Cuba embargo, sometimes acting in concert. (1) Lack of cooperation from foreign countries has undercut the embargo's effectiveness and hampered inspections and investigations. (2) Divided U.S. public opinion, particularly regarding the new travel and cash transfer restrictions, has contributed to widespread, small-scale embargo violations and the selling of fraudulent religious and other travel licenses, among other problems. (3) Some embargo violations are difficult to detect or control, such as fraudulent licenses and on-line money transfers via third countries. (4) The embargo's complexity and changing rules may have led to unintended violations by some individuals and companies.
Back Channel To Cuba
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Author : William M. LeoGrande
language : en
Publisher: UNC Press Books
Release Date : 2015-09-14
Back Channel To Cuba written by William M. LeoGrande and has been published by UNC Press Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-14 with History categories.
History is being made in U.S.-Cuban relations. Now in paperback and updated to tell the real story behind the stunning December 17, 2014, announcement by President Obama and President Castro of their move to restore full diplomatic relations, this powerful book is essential to understanding ongoing efforts toward normalization in a new era of engagement. Challenging the conventional wisdom of perpetual conflict and aggression between the United States and Cuba since 1959, Back Channel to Cuba chronicles a surprising, untold history of bilateral efforts toward rapprochement and reconciliation. William M. LeoGrande and Peter Kornbluh here present a remarkably new and relevant account, describing how, despite the intense political clamor surrounding efforts to improve relations with Havana, negotiations have been conducted by every presidential administration since Eisenhower's through secret, back-channel diplomacy. From John F. Kennedy's offering of an olive branch to Fidel Castro after the missile crisis, to Henry Kissinger's top secret quest for normalization, to Barack Obama's promise of a new approach, LeoGrande and Kornbluh uncovered hundreds of formerly secret U.S. documents and conducted interviews with dozens of negotiators, intermediaries, and policy makers, including Fidel Castro and Jimmy Carter. They reveal a fifty-year record of dialogue and negotiations, both open and furtive, that provides the historical foundation for the dramatic breakthrough in U.S.-Cuba ties.
United States Economic Measures Against Cuba
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Author : Michael Krinsky
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
United States Economic Measures Against Cuba written by Michael Krinsky and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Law categories.
Sanctions As War
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2021-12-20
Sanctions As War written by and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-20 with Social Science categories.
Sanctions as War is the first critical analysis of economic sanctions from a global perspective. Featuring case studies from 11 sanctioned countries and theoretical essays, it will be of immediate interest to those interested in understanding how sanctions became the common sense of American foreign policy.
Helms Burton
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Author : Ricardo Alarcón
language : en
Publisher: Editorial Jose Marti
Release Date : 1997
Helms Burton written by Ricardo Alarcón and has been published by Editorial Jose Marti this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Cuba categories.