Attention Predictions And Expectations And Their Violation Attentional Control In The Human Brain
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Attention Predictions And Expectations And Their Violation Attentional Control In The Human Brain
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Author : Simone Vossel
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-05-20
Attention Predictions And Expectations And Their Violation Attentional Control In The Human Brain written by Simone Vossel and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-20 with Attentional control categories.
In the burdened scenes of everyday life, our brains must select from among many competing inputs for perceptual synthesis - so that only the most relevant receive full attention and irrelevant (distracting) information is suppressed. At the same time, we must remain responsive to salient events outside our current focus of attention - and balancing these two processing modes is a fundamental task our brain constantly needs to solve. Both the physical saliency of a stimulus, as well as top-down predictions about imminent sensations crucially influence attentional selection and consequently the response to unexpected events. Research over recent decades has identified two separate brain networks involved in predictive top-down control and reorientation to unattended events (or oddball stimuli): the dorsal and ventral fronto-parietal attention systems of the human brain. Moreover, specific electrophysiological brain responses are known to characterize attentional orienting as well as the processing of deviant stimuli. However, many key questions are outstanding. What are the exact functional differences between these cortical attention systems? How are they lateralised in the two hemispheres? How do top-down and bottom-up signals interact to enable flexible attentional control? How does structural damage to one system affect the functionality of the other in brain damaged patients? Are there sensory-specific and supra-modal attentional systems in the brain? In addition to these questions, it is now accepted that brain responses are not only affected by the saliency of external stimuli, but also by our expectations about sensory inputs. How these two influences are balanced, and how predictions are formed in cortical networks, or generated on the basis of experience-dependent learning, are intriguing issues. In this Research Topic, we aim to collect innovative contributions that shed further light on the (cortical) mechanisms of attentional control in the human brain. In particular, we would like to encourage submissions that investigate the behavioural correlates, functional anatomy or electrophysiological markers of attentional selection and reorientation. Special emphasis will be given to studies investigating the context-sensitivity of these attentional processes in relation to prior expectations, trial history, contextual cues or physical saliency. We would like to encourage submissions employing different research methods (psychophysical recordings, neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, MEG, EEG or ECoG, as well as neurostimulation methods such as TMS or tDCS) in healthy volunteers or neurological patients. Computational models and animal studies are also welcome. Finally, we also welcome submission of meta-analyses and reviews articles that provide new insights into, or conclusions about recent work in the field.
The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Attention
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Author : Joseph B. Hopfinger
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-12-17
The Cognitive Neuroscience Of Attention written by Joseph B. Hopfinger and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-17 with Psychology categories.
Attention refers to our ability to selectively process the vast array of stimuli impinging upon our senses at every moment. The mental processes of attention are critical for allowing us to maintain focus and complete tasks efficiently, even within distracting environments. The brain mechanisms of attention have been studied for decades, yet much still remains unknown, and consensus on core issues remains elusive. A unique aspect of this book are chapters that highlight recent debates on critical issues in attention research. Each of these chapters includes a comprehensive discussion paper that is followed by peer commentaries and an authors' responses. These debates include whether attention can modulate activity of even the earliest cortical processing region and whether changes in white matter are critical for plasticity-related effects of attention training. In addition to these discussion chapters, the book presents cutting-edge research on some of the newest theories of attentional control and selective attention, including the influence of practice, epigenetics, reward, social interaction, and distractor suppression. These studies employ advanced cognitive neuroscience methods such as neurostimulation, functional neuroimaging pattern analysis, and the evaluation of oscillatory brain activity to shed light on the brain mechanisms underlying attention. The chapters in this book were originally published as articles in various issues of the journal Cognitive Neuroscience.
The Neuroscience Of Attention The Neuroscience Of Attention
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Author : George R. Mangun
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2012-02-16
The Neuroscience Of Attention The Neuroscience Of Attention written by George R. Mangun and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-16 with Medical categories.
This book will provide the reader with a solid overview of the mechanisms and models in the neuroscience of attentional control and selection from leading authorities working in humans and animals, and incorporating a array of neuroscience methods from single neuron recordings to functional brain imaging.
Neuromanagement And Neuromarketing
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Author : Vincenzo Russo
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-10-18
Neuromanagement And Neuromarketing written by Vincenzo Russo and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-10-18 with Science categories.
Advances In National Brand And Private Label Marketing
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Author : Francisco J. Martínez-López
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-05-16
Advances In National Brand And Private Label Marketing written by Francisco J. Martínez-López and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-16 with Business & Economics categories.
This proceedings volume highlights the latest research presented at the 8th International Conference on Research on National Brand & Private Label Marketing (NB&PL2021). The topics covered include: retailing, private label portfolio and assortment management, marketing of premium store brands, using national brands to exclude (delist) and include, optimal assortment size, consumer store patronage, etc. Several contributions also focus on private label pricing and promotion, especially on the relative pricing of standard and premium private labels, and with regard to the national brands in the assortment.
Cognitive Neuroscience Of Attention
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Author : Michael I. Posner
language : en
Publisher: Guilford Press
Release Date : 2012-01-01
Cognitive Neuroscience Of Attention written by Michael I. Posner and has been published by Guilford Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-01-01 with Psychology categories.
This authoritative reference provides a comprehensive examination of the nature and functions of attention and its relationship to broader cognitive processes. The editor and contributors are leading experts who review the breadth of current knowledge, including behavioral, neuroimaging, cellular, and genetic studies, as well as developmental and clinical research. Chapters are brief yet substantive, offering clear presentations of cutting-edge concepts, methods, and findings. The book addresses the role of attention deficits in psychological disorders and normal aging and considers the implications for intervention and prevention. It includes 85 illustrations. New to This Edition *Significant updates and many new chapters reflecting major advances in the field. *Important breakthroughs in neuroimaging and cognitive modeling. *Chapters on the development of emotion regulation and temperament. *Expanded section on disorders, including up-to-date coverage of ADHD as well as chapters on psychopathy and autism. *Chapters on cognitive training and rehabilitation.
Ist Das Hirn Vern Nftig
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Author : Lutz Jäncke
language : de
Publisher: Hogrefe AG
Release Date : 2016-02-08
Ist Das Hirn Vern Nftig written by Lutz Jäncke and has been published by Hogrefe AG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-08 with Psychology categories.
Ist das Hirn vernünftig? Die provozierende Frage stellt der renommierte Hirnforscher und Neuropsychologe Lutz Jäncke aus gutem Grund: Wir alle denken, dass wir als Menschen rationale Entscheidungen treffen. Unser Hirn fungiert dabei als eine Art Supercomputer, mit dessen Hilfe wir streng logisch das Für und Wider abwägen. Doch wir täuschen uns! Je mehr wir über die Funktionsweise jenes Denkorgans erfahren, desto plausibler wird die Frage, wie vernünftig wir denn eigentlich wirklich sind. Lutz Jäncke nimmt uns mit auf eine faszinierende Reise und zeigt auf verständliche und unterhaltsame Weise, wie unser Hirn unser Denken, Handeln und Fühlen beeinflusst - und dass das manchmal nur am Rande mit Vernunft zu tun hat. Er zeigt uns, dass das Unbewusste tatsächlich existiert und wie es uns beeinflusst, wie wir richtige und falsche Entscheidungen treffen, wie unser Gedächtnis funktioniert und wie fragil es sein kann - aber auch wie robust. Anhand aufschlussreicher Experimente und neuester Forschungsergebnisse, aber auch mit vielen Beispielen aus seiner Praxis als weltbekannter Forscher kann er anschaulich darstellen, welch unglaublich beeindruckendes Denkorgan unser Hirn darstellt - auch wenn es keine reine "Vernunftsmaschine" ist.
The Psychology Of Magic And The Magic Of Psychology
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Author : Amir Raz
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-11-18
The Psychology Of Magic And The Magic Of Psychology written by Amir Raz and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-11-18 with Electronic book categories.
Magicians have dazzled audiences for many centuries; however, few researchers have studied how, let alone why, most tricks work. The psychology of magic is a nascent field of research that examines the underlying mechanisms that conjurers use to achieve enchanting phenomena, including sensory illusions, misdirection of attention, and the appearance of mind-control and nuanced persuasion. Most studies to date have focused on either the psychological principles involved in watching and performing magic or “neuromagic” - the neural correlates of such phenomena. Whereas performers sometimes question the contributions that modern science may offer to the advancement of the magical arts, the history of magic reveals that scientific discovery often charts new territories for magicians. In this research topic we sketch out the symbiotic relationship between psychological science and the art of magic. On the one hand, magic can inform psychology, with particular benefits for the cognitive, social, developmental, and transcultural components of behavioural science. Magicians have a large and robust set of effects that most researchers rarely exploit. Incorporating these effects into existing experimental, even clinical, paradigms paves the road to innovative trajectories in the study of human behaviour. For example, magic provides an elegant way to study the behaviour of participants who may believe they had made choices that they actually did not make. Moreover, magic fosters a more ecological approach to experimentation whereby scientists can probe participants in more natural environments compared to the traditional lab-based settings. Examining how magicians consistently influence spectators, for example, can elucidate important aspects in the study of persuasion, trust, decision-making, and even processes spanning authorship and agency. Magic thus offers a largely underused armamentarium for the behavioural scientist and clinician. On the other hand, psychological science can advance the art of magic. The psychology of deception, a relatively understudied field, explores the intentional creation of false beliefs and how people often go wrong. Understanding how to methodically exploit the tenuous twilight zone of human vulnerabilities – perceptual, logical, emotional, and temporal – becomes all the more revealing when top-down influences, including expectation, symbolic thinking, and framing, join the fray. Over the years, science has permitted magicians to concoct increasingly effective routines and to elicit heightened feelings of wonder from audiences. Furthermore, on occasion science leads to the creation of novel effects, or the refinement of existing ones, based on systematic methods. For example, by simulating a specific card routine using a series of computer stimuli, researchers have decomposed the effect and reconstructed it into a more effective routine. Other magic effects depend on meaningful psychological knowledge, such as which type of information is difficult to retain or what changes capture attention. Behavioural scientists measure and study these factors. By combining analytical findings with performer intuitions, psychological science begets effective magic. Whereas science strives on parsimony and independent replication of results, magic thrives on reproducing the same effect with multiple methods to obscure parsimony and minimise detection. This Research Topic explores the seemingly orthogonal approaches of scientists and magicians by highlighting the crosstalk as well as rapprochement between psychological science and the art of deception.
Subjective Time
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Author : Valtteri Arstila
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-12-14
Subjective Time written by Valtteri Arstila and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-14 with Philosophy categories.
Interdisciplinary perspectives on the feature of conscious life that scaffolds every act of cognition: subjective time. Our awareness of time and temporal properties is a constant feature of conscious life. Subjective temporality structures and guides every aspect of behavior and cognition, distinguishing memory, perception, and anticipation. This milestone volume brings together research on temporality from leading scholars in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, defining a new field of interdisciplinary research. The book's thirty chapters include selections from classic texts by William James and Edmund Husserl and new essays setting them in historical context; contemporary philosophical accounts of lived time; and current empirical studies of psychological time. These last chapters, the larger part of the book, cover such topics as the basic psychophysics of psychological time, its neural foundations, its interaction with the body, and its distortion in illness and altered states of consciousness. Contributors Melissa J. Allman, Holly Andersen, Valtteri Arstila, Yan Bao, Dean V. Buonomano, Niko A. Busch, Barry Dainton, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Christine M. Falter, Thomas Fraps, Shaun Gallagher, Alex O. Holcombe, Edmund Husserl, William James, Piotr Jaśkowski, Jeremie Jozefowiez, Ryota Kanai, Allison N. Kurti, Dan Lloyd, Armando Machado, Matthew S. Matell, Warren H. Meck, James Mensch, Bruno Mölder, Catharine Montgomery, Konstantinos Moutoussis, Peter Naish, Valdas Noreika, Sukhvinder S. Obhi, Ruth Ogden, Alan o'Donoghue, Georgios Papadelis, Ian B. Phillips, Ernst Pöppel, John E. R. Staddon, Dale N. Swanton, Rufin VanRullen, Argiro Vatakis, Till M. Wagner, John Wearden, Marc Wittmann, Agnieszka Wykowska, Kielan Yarrow, Bin Yin, Dan Zahavi
Visual Mismatch Negativity Vmmn A Prediction Error Signal In The Visual Modality
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Author : Gabor Stefanics
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-06-04
Visual Mismatch Negativity Vmmn A Prediction Error Signal In The Visual Modality written by Gabor Stefanics and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-04 with Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry categories.
Current theories of visual change detection emphasize the importance of conscious attention to detect unexpected changes in the visual environment. However, an increasing body of studies shows that the human brain is capable of detecting even small visual changes, especially if such changes violate non-conscious probabilistic expectations based on repeating experiences. In other words, our brain automatically represents statistical regularities of our visual environmental. Since the discovery of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) component, the majority of research in the field has focused on auditory deviance detection. Such automatic change detection mechanisms operate in the visual modality too, as indicated by the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) brain potential to rare changes. VMMN is typically elicited by stimuli with infrequent (deviant) features embedded in a stream of frequent (standard) stimuli, outside the focus of attention. In this research topic we aim to present vMMN as a prediction error signal. Predictive coding theories account for phenomena such as mismatch negativity and repetition suppression, and place them in a broader context of a general theory of cortical responses. A wide range of vMMN studies has been presented in this Research Topic. Twelve articles address roughly four general sub-themes including attention, language, face processing, and psychiatric disorders. Additionally, four articles focused on particular subjects such as the oblique effect, object formation, and development and time-frequency analysis of vMMN. Furthermore, a review paper presented vMMN in a hierarchical predictive coding framework. Each paper in this Research Topic is a valuable contribution to the field of automatic visual change detection and deepens our understanding of the short term plasticity underlying predictive processes of visual perceptual learning.