Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration
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Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration
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Author : John Elam
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration written by John Elam and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Medical categories.
Over the past several years, the pace of research on the control of axonal growth has increased at a remarkable rate, and this activity is reflected in a growing literature dealing with various aspects of axonal growth and regener ation. It appears timely to review the role played by axonal transport in the intrinsic responses of neurons in the growth and regrowth processes. Through the cooperation of the senior editors of this series, we have been given the opportunity to bring such a focus to the current volume. We wish to acknowledge that the contributing authors attended a confer ence on "The Role of Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regenera tion" held in Tallahassee, Florida in March, 1983, sponsored by the Psycho biology Research Center of the Florida State University. It is our hope that many of the perceptions and insights expressed in these chapters resulted from our interactions.
Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration
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Author : John Elam
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014-01-15
Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration written by John Elam and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-15 with categories.
Advances In Neurochemistry Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration
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Author : Bernard W. Agranoff
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Advances In Neurochemistry Axonal Transport In Neuronal Growth And Regeneration written by Bernard W. Agranoff and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Neurochemistry categories.
Molecular Mechanisms Of Axon Growth And Regeneration
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Author : Dana Watt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Molecular Mechanisms Of Axon Growth And Regeneration written by Dana Watt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Electronic dissertations categories.
Neurons are cells with unique and extremely polarized morphologies. The axon allows communication between the cell soma and the distantly located synaptic terminal and can extend up to one meter in humans. This exceptional cellular structure therefore has specialized biological processes dedicated to its growth, maintenance and regeneration. The structure that carries out axon elongation during development and regeneration is the growth cone, which features a cytoskeletal structure that is both highly dynamic yet consistent in overall organization. The growth cone coordinates a leading edge of dynamic actin with the microtubules of the growing axon, enabling directed outgrowth while maintaining the structural integrity of the axon. In the axon, microtubules are oriented uniformly with their plus-ends facing away from the cell body, providing directionality for cargo transport streams. Axonal transport is critical during growth and after the axon has reached its target to ensure proper distribution of organelles and other necessary components of the axonal biology machinery. Axon transport is especially important because the axon is capable of independently carrying out tasks ranging from protein synthesis to synaptic transmission. Therefore a thorough understanding of microtubule biology and axon transport is critical for understanding how axons grow during development and regeneration. I first investigated the role of a neuron-specific molecular motor adaptor, JIP3, in axon elongation. JIP3 had been previously demonstrated to bind both the anterograde motor kinesin-1 and the retrograde motor complex dynein/dynactin, generating cargo-specific directional transport in the axon. Furthermore, our lab had also demonstrated that JIP3 was capable of binding directly and activating dimeric kinesin heavy chain (KHC) for motility. While the function of dimeric KHC is still debated, tetrameric kinesin-1 is known as the primary anterograde motor in axons. I therefore investigated the role of JIP3 in regulating tetrameric kinesin-1 motility, and the functional significance of this interaction in axons. I used a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-based single molecule imaging assay to demonstrate that JIP3 binds to the kinesin-1 tetramer in at least a 2:1 ratio. I also used this TIRF assay to show that JIP3 binding to the cargo-adapting kinesin light chain (KLC) activated tetrameric kinesin-1 for microtubule binding, while JIP3 binding to KHC activated tetrameric kinesin-1 motility along microtubules. Furthermore, while the JIP3/KLC interaction is dispensable for axon growth and regeneration in neurons in vitro, the JIP3/KHC interaction is necessary for both these activities. This work demonstrated that a single molecule can activate tetrameric kinesin-1 for microtubule binding and motility. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that regulation of molecular motor activity supports axon growth and regeneration. I next investigated the small GTPase Ran and its role in axon elongation. Ran is best known for its canonical function as a nuclear transport protein, but it can also stabilize microtubules during mitotic spindle formation and is located in the axon. While Ran has a proposed role in regulating a retrograde injury signaling complex in adult axons, it is unknown whether Ran also regulates cytoskeletal dynamics in developing axons. I used Ran knockdown to demonstrate that Ran promotes axon elongation on growth-promoting substrates, and restricts axon elongation on growth-inhibiting substrates. This effect is at least partially mediated by microtubule dynamics, as microtubule imaging using a cell-permeable pan-tubulin marker showed decreased microtubule dynamics in Ran knockdown cells on growth-promoting substrates. Furthermore, I demonstrated that a Ran activating protein, RanBP10, is enriched in growth cones and promotes axon elongation, and that both of these phenomena are Ran-dependent. This work raises the exciting possibility that Ran controls microtubule dynamics in the growth cone, distinct from its canonical role in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.
Cell Biology Of The Axon
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Author : Edward Koenig
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-09-01
Cell Biology Of The Axon written by Edward Koenig and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-09-01 with Science categories.
Recent years have witnessed striking advances in research on axons at a cellular level that substantially impact our current understanding of axonal biology. Newer findings and their ramifications are critically reviewed in the 16 chapters of this volume by authors highly qualified by virtue of their scientific contributions to research areas they know and write about. Five basic areas (I to V) germane to axonal biology are highlighted, beginning with (I) signaling interactions mediating myelination, and differentiation of axonal membrane domains; (IIa) issues surrounding organization and transport dynamics of neurofilaments in axons, (IIb) mechanisms regulating microtubule organization and dynamics, misregulation of which causes axonal degeneration, and (IIc) the roles actin binding proteins play in regulating organization and functions of the actin filament system in mature and growing axons; (IIIa) myosin motor proteins and cargoes intrinsic to the axon compartment, (IIIb) mitochondrial transport motors, and imperatives governing transport dynamics and directional delivery, (IIIc) mechanisms mediating retrograde signaling associated with NGF’s role in trophic-dependent neuronal survival, and (IIId) potential for impaired subcellular targeting of a -synuclein as a mechanism for accumulation of Lewy body inclusions in synucleinopathies; (IVa) occurrence and organization of discrete ribosome-containing domains in axons, (IVb) endogenous mRNAs, classes of proteins translated locally, and RNP trafficking in axons, (IVc) importance of locally synthesized nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins for maintenance, function and survival of axons, (IVd) occurrence of RNA trafficking from glial cells to axons, and significance glial RNA transcripts may play in expression in axons and axon terminals, (IVe) RNA trafficking and localization of RNA transcripts in axonal growth cones, and signaling pathways that modulate local protein synthesis for directional elongation, and (IVf) genetic and molecular defects underlying spinal muscular atrophy, and roles that SMN gene product plays as a molecular chaperone in mRNA transport and translation; (Va) injury-induced local synthesis of a protein forming a retrograde signaling complex in axons to stimulate regeneration, and (Vb) endogenous and exogenous factors that condition axonal regenerative capacity in PNS and CNS, including injury-induced activation of specific genes governing regeneration. Emergent complexities revealed in this volume compel a major revision in the traditional conceptual model of the axon’s intrinsic makeup and capacities.
Axonal Transport Degeneration And Regeneration In The Visual System Of The Goldfish
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Author : Hartwig Wolburg
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1981-02
Axonal Transport Degeneration And Regeneration In The Visual System Of The Goldfish written by Hartwig Wolburg and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981-02 with Medical categories.
References ............................... 76 Subject Index ............................. 93 VIII Acknowledgments This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. W. Schlote for helpful advice and numerous discussions. I am also grateful to Dr. G. Kurz-Isler for her generous help in problems dealing with electron microscopy and to Mrs. B. Sabrowski for her careful preparation of the manuscript. The careful translation of T.C. Telger is gratefully acknowledged. The translation was financially supported by the Erwin Riesch Foundation. IX 1 Introduction One of the basic principles underlying the efficiency and adaptability of cellular meta bolism is the structural compartmentalization of the cell. Only through compartmenta lization can reaction components be kept apart prior to their reaction, isolated from other "reaction spaces" during the course of their reaction, and the reaction products incorporated into designated structures or transported to remote parts of the cell. Thus, the partitioning of the cellular substance into countless membranous spaces corresponds to the spatial segregation of reaction components, and the dynamics of intracellular membrane systems is an expression of ever-changing equilibrium condi tions and the continuous formation of new reaction spaces. It has been shown with some certainty that many of the processes in membrane dynamics can take place only with the aid of contractile proteins such as actin, myosin, and tubulin.
Axoplasmic Transport In Physiology And Pathology
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Author : D. G. Weiss
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Axoplasmic Transport In Physiology And Pathology written by D. G. Weiss and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
Cajal and contemporary scientists have laid the basis of the modem concepts of the organization of the nervous system: the cir cuits of the brain are made up of individual neurons which transfer information via specialized structures called synapses. Soma and den drites usually receive the inputs, then the signal is carried all along the axon to the target areas. To fulfIll this task several types of neurons have developed their unique geometry characterized by a large recep tive area (soma and dendrites) and an often very extensive distal branching with the axon terminals. The volume of cytoplasm which constitutes the neuronal periphery is often far larger than the cell body, where the synthetic machinery is located. It is one of the roles ofaxoplasmic transport to supply the periphery with proper material and to sustain the specialized structures necessary for the physiological activity of the neuron. Furthermore, it has become more and more clear that target areas also exert effects on the innervating neurons, and these effects are not only mediated via recurrent fibers. Synapses have been shown to be able to pick up material from the synaptic left which is then intra axon ally transported back to the cell body. This retrograde axoplasmic transport has therefore been recognized as another basic mechanism to convey signals from the periphery to the centre.
Nerve Organ And Tissue Regeneration Research Perspectives
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Author : Fredrick Seil
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02
Nerve Organ And Tissue Regeneration Research Perspectives written by Fredrick Seil and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Science categories.
Nerve, Organ, and Tissue Regeneration: Research Perspectives presents the proceedings of a symposium held in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, on September 21–24, 1982. This book explores the neural and nonneural areas of regeneration, with emphasis on the nervous system. Organized into six parts encompassing 22 chapters, this compilation of papers examines the commitment of the Veterans Administration to deal with the clinical problem of spinal cord injury by establishing 19spinal cord injury treatment and rehabilitation centers throughout the United States. This book then discusses the characteristics of the neuronal response to axon injury, which vary from cellular hypertrophy and heightened metabolism to cell death. Other chapters consider the three phases of axonal regeneration, including sprout formation, elongation, and maturation. The final chapter deals with the structural and functional alterations that developed when the length of the mammalian intestine is shortened by excision or by-pass of a long segment. This book is a valuable resource for biologists, orthopedic surgeons, and neuroscientists.
Axon Growth And Regeneration Part 2
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012-12-31
Axon Growth And Regeneration Part 2 written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-31 with Medical categories.
Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research. Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered. All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist
Axon Growth And Regeneration Part 1
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2012-12-31
Axon Growth And Regeneration Part 1 written by and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-31 with Science categories.
Published since 1959, International Review of Neurobiology is a well-known series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research. This volume reviews existing theories and current research surrounding Axon Growth and Regeneration. Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist