Bih R Peasant Life
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The Origin And Development Of The Moral Ideas
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Author : Edward Westermarck
language : en
Publisher: Library of Alexandria
Release Date : 2020-09-28
The Origin And Development Of The Moral Ideas written by Edward Westermarck and has been published by Library of Alexandria this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-28 with Ethics categories.
THAT the moral concepts are ultimately based on emotions either of indignation or approval, is a fact which a certain school of thinkers have in vain attempted to deny. The terms which embody these concepts must originally have been used—indeed they still constantly are so used—as direct expressions of such emotions with reference to the phenomena which evoked them. Men pronounced certain acts to be good or bad on account of the emotions those acts aroused in their minds, just as they called sunshine warm and ice cold on account of certain sensations which they experienced, and as they named a thing pleasant or painful because they felt pleasure or pain. But to attribute a quality to a thing is never the same as merely to state the existence of a particular sensation or feeling in the mind which perceives it. Such an attribution must mean that the thing, under certain circumstances, makes a certain impression on the mind. By calling an object warm or pleasant, a person asserts that it is apt to produce in him a sensation of heat or a feeling of pleasure. Similarly, to name an act good or bad, ultimately implies that it is apt to give rise to an emotion of approval or disapproval in him who pronounces the judgment. Whilst not affirming the actual existence of any specific emotion in the mind of the person judging or of anybody else, the predicate of a moral judgment attributes to the subject a tendency to arouse an emotion. The moral concepts, then, are essentially generalisations of tendencies in certain phenomena to call forth moral emotions. However, as is frequently the case with general terms, these concepts are mentioned without any distinct idea of their contents. The relation in which many of them stand to the moral emotions is complicated; the use of them is often vague; and ethical theorisers, instead of subjecting them to a careful analysis, have done their best to increase the confusion by adapting the meaning of the terms to fit their theories. Very commonly, in the definition of the goodness or badness of acts, reference is made, not to their tendencies to evoke emotions of approval or indignation, but to the causes of these tendencies, that is, to those qualities in the acts which call forth moral emotions. Thus, because good acts generally produce pleasure and bad acts pain, goodness and badness have been identified with the tendencies of acts to produce pleasure or pain. The following statement of Sir James Stephen is a clearly expressed instance of this confusion, so common among utilitarians:—“Speaking generally, the acts which are called right do promote, or are supposed to promote general happiness, and the acts which are called wrong do diminish, or are supposed to diminish it. I say, therefore, that this is what the words ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ mean, just as the words ‘up’ and ‘down’ mean that which points from or towards the earth’s centre of gravity, though they are used by millions who have not the least notion of the fact that such is their meaning, and though they were used for centuries and millenniums before any one was or even could be aware of it.”
Negotiating Languages
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Author : Walter N. Hakala
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2016-08-30
Negotiating Languages written by Walter N. Hakala and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-30 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
Prior to the nineteenth century, South Asian dictionaries, glossaries, and vocabularies reflected a hierarchical vision of nature and human society. By the turn of the twentieth century, the modern dictionary had democratized and politicized language. Compiled "scientifically" through "historical principles," the modern dictionary became a concrete symbol of a nation's arrival on the world stage. Following this phenomenon from the late seventeenth century to the present, Negotiating Languages casts lexicographers as key figures in the political realignment of South Asia under British rule and in the years after independence. Their dictionaries document how a single, mutually intelligible language evolved into two competing registers—Urdu and Hindi—and became associated with contrasting religious and nationalist goals. Each chapter in this volume focuses on a key lexicographical work and its fateful political consequences. Recovering texts by overlooked and even denigrated authors, Negotiating Languages provides insight into the forces that turned intimate speech into a potent nationalist politics, intensifying the passions that partitioned the Indian subcontinent.
Rural Economy And Country Life In The Medieval West
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Author : Georges Duby
language : en
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Release Date : 1998-01-29
Rural Economy And Country Life In The Medieval West written by Georges Duby and has been published by University of Pennsylvania Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-01-29 with Business & Economics categories.
"One of the most important, imaginative, solidly documented, well written books of medieval history that I have ever read. . . . It offers a unique combination of synthetic power and analytic perception, of bold judgment and Cartesian doubt, of hard economic facts and subtle psychological considerations."--
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1893
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1893 with Periodicals categories.
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature
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Author : William Frederick Poole
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1893
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature written by William Frederick Poole and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1893 with Periodicals categories.
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature
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Author : William Isaac Fletcher
language : en
Publisher: Boston ; New York : Houghton, Mifflin and Company
Release Date : 1893
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature written by William Isaac Fletcher and has been published by Boston ; New York : Houghton, Mifflin and Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1893 with Periodicals categories.
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature Second Supplement January 1 1887 January 1 1892
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Author : William Frederick Poole
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1893
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature Second Supplement January 1 1887 January 1 1892 written by William Frederick Poole and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1893 with Periodicals categories.
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature 1887 1892
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Author : William Frederick Poole
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1893
Poole S Index To Periodical Literature 1887 1892 written by William Frederick Poole and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1893 with Periodicals categories.
The Cambridge Illustrated History Of The Middle Ages
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Author : Robert Fossier
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1986
The Cambridge Illustrated History Of The Middle Ages written by Robert Fossier and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with History categories.
This is the second volume of one of the finest general introductions to the medieval world of recent times, first published in French by Armand Colin. Volume II begins at the turn of the millennium and covers the extraordinary rebirth of Europe, in terms of demographic expansion, agrarian settlement and organisation, the establishment of towns and villages, the ascendancy of the feudal system, the appearance of formal states and kingdoms, and the dramatic controlling ascendancy of the western Church. In the east, despite the external appearance of grandeur, the Islamic countries were being torn apart by mutual rivalry, while the Byzantime empire lost massive border territories through political and economic incompetence. Full coverage is given to both east and west, and their artistic heritage is displayed lavishly in many of the colour plates. A comprehensive bibliography is also included.
China S Peasants
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Author : Sulamith Heins Potter
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1990-03-29
China S Peasants written by Sulamith Heins Potter and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-03-29 with History categories.
The revolutionary experiences of Cantonese peasant villagers are documented in the first comprehensive analysis of rural Chinese society by foreign anthropologists since the Revolution of 1949.