Binocular Composition Of Monocular Signals
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Binocular Composition Of Monocular Signals
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Author : Oren Yehezkel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Binocular Composition Of Monocular Signals written by Oren Yehezkel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
On The Neural Basis Of Binocular Composition
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Author : Benjamin Lankow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
On The Neural Basis Of Binocular Composition written by Benjamin Lankow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Throughout the brain, parallel processing streams compose the building-blocks of complex neural function. Perhaps the most salient of all parallel streams in the brain are the pathways carrying information from the two eyes. The interaction of these visual pathways has emerged as a promising model for establishing causal links between neural processing and visual perception, but much is unknown regarding where monocular information streams first interact in the brain and what types of neural circuitry support the processing of binocular signals. To address these points, we use psychophysical, physiological, and computational methods to develop an understanding of how the brain processes binocular visual information. We performed physiological and psychophysical experiments in the alert macaque monkey to determine where in the brain visual signals from the two eyes first interact; we demonstrate that visual information remains segregated in monocular streams prior to reaching the visual cortex. We then build on recent advances in the theory of dynamical neural networks to develop a computational framework for binocular combination and binocular rivalry. We demonstrate that surprisingly simple rules of connectivity that are inspired by functional connectivity in the visual cortex are sufficient to generate summation and rivalry in a network model of binocular vision.
Binocular Integration Using Stereo Motion Cues To Drive Behavior In Mice
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Author : Veronica Choi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Binocular Integration Using Stereo Motion Cues To Drive Behavior In Mice written by Veronica Choi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
The visual system presents an opportunity to study how two signals converge to generate a novel representation of the world: depth. The slight difference in positions between the two eyes means that different images are encoded by the left and right eyes by generating disparity signals. Another way to generate depth signals is by presenting different motion signals to the two eyes. Even though the binocular visual system has been studied for a long time, the mechanisms behind binocular integration when objects move in depth are largely unknown. In this dissertation, I demonstrate a new model for studying motion-in-depth signals using mice. Mice are an attractive animal to study the binocular visual system not only because they share common visual pathway as primates and other mammals, but also because there are genetic tools that can be used to study the underlying circuitry for binocular integration during motion-in-depth cues. Thus far there have been very few studies regarding binocularity in mice. This dissertation will focus on the behavioral output during stereoscopic motion-in-depth signals in mice and investigate visual areas involved in these behaviors. In the first section, I investigate whether mice discriminate motion-in-depth signals like primates, using disparity and motion signals presented to each eye. I find that mice are able to discriminate towards and away stimuli and that the binocular neurons in the visual cortex were critical for the computation of this signal. In the second section we measured optokinetic eye movement generated by motion-in-depth stimulus. I found that vergence eye movement in mice is driven primarily by the motion signals presented in each eye. This phenomenon can be explained largely by the summation of monocular motor signals of the two eyes that happens subcortically. These two experiments both show clear behavioral output that can be only generated when presented with binocular motion-in-depth signals. I find both cortical and subcortical components of binocular integration that are responsible for the generation of these behavior outputs which demonstrates the complicated nature of binocular integration associated with motion-in-depth signals. My work in this dissertation provides the foundation for studying binocular integration in rodents
Binocular Interactions In Normal And Abnormal Visual Systems
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Author : Eva Chadnova
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Binocular Interactions In Normal And Abnormal Visual Systems written by Eva Chadnova and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
"In this doctorate work I have explored the cortical mechanisms of binocular interactions under normal and imbalanced viewing conditions using a steady state visually evoked response protocol (SSVER) in magnetoencephalograpy (MEG). In order to achieve high localization precision, I used individualized fMRI retinotopic maps for each participants in order to localize the responses obtained in MEG. Using the SSVEP protocol allowed me to tag the response from each eye and investigate its interaction. For all the three studies, I used binary noise stimuli tagged at 4 and 6Hz presented dichoptically and monocularly under varying contrast and luminance conditions. In the first study, I explored the effects of dichoptic masking and monocularly reduced luminance in driving cortical responses in primary visual areas. I observed a monotonic increase in the magnitude of SSVERs with changes in contrast from 0 to 32%. For both eyes, dichoptic masking induced a decrease in SSVER signal power. Reducing mean luminance delayed monocular processing by approximately 38 ms in V1. The reduced luminance also decreased the masking ability of the eye that had the reduced mean luminance. The results demonstrate that the signals resulting from different contrast or luminance stimulation of the two eyes are combined in a way that can be explained by an interocular signal normalization model. In the second study, I recruited observers with amblyopia to assess the characteristics of their latent binocular function using the stimuli at the temporal rate known to bypass the amblyopic suppression. The amblyopia group was compared with a control group with normal binocular vision. I found a normal pattern of dichoptic interaction in the amblyopic visual system when suppressive effects are minimal. However, there was a small imbalance in dichoptic masking; amblyopic eye inhibited the fellow normal eye less than the fellow normal eye inhibited the amblyopic eye. An interocular processing delay of approximately 20 ms was identified in the amblyopic group. Hence, when suppression is eliminated, the amblyopic visual system exhibits a relatively normal pattern of binocular interactions. The two differences revealed by MEG were a small dichoptic imbalance favouring the fellow eye and a signal delay in the amblyopic response. In the third study, I investigated the ocular dominance changes following a short term monocular deprivation with an opaque and translucent patch in normal adults. The participants were assessed in MEG before and after the 150 minutes of monocular deprivation. I show that patching an eye for 2.5 hours modulates dichoptic inhibitory interactions in a reciprocal fashion; the unpatched eye is inhibited, the patched eye is released from inhibition. Based on the previous work in our lab and other published data, I hypothesized that this effect is due to the changes in contralateral inhibition that shapes the contrast gain of each eye's response before the binocular combination.Based on the results obtained from this work, I have pointed out some future research directions that would be a logical continuity of the presented results. I think future work could explore the use of MEG for personalizing therapy for amblyopia by taking into account not only signal attenuation but also signal delay from the amblyopic eye. " --
Binocular Vision And Stereopsis
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Author : Ian P. Howard
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1995
Binocular Vision And Stereopsis written by Ian P. Howard and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Medical categories.
This is a comprehensive survey of binocular vision, with an emphasis on its role in the perception of a three-dimensional world. The central theme is biological vision. Machine vision and computational models are discussed where they contribute to an understanding of living systems.
Absolute And Relative Visual Direction Of Monocular And Binocular Targets
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Author : Alistair P. Mapp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Absolute And Relative Visual Direction Of Monocular And Binocular Targets written by Alistair P. Mapp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Seven experiments designed to measure the accuracy and precision of absolute and relative direction judgments under monocular and binocular viewing conditions are presented. The experiments assess the validity of claims in the literature that (a) the cyclopean eye (the centre from which visual direction judgments are made) is not fixed in the head, but moves along the interocular axis as a function of the stimulus situation and the eye(s) used to view the stimuli, and (b) absolute direction during monocular viewing is based on signals from the viewing eye only. The results of the experiments refute these claims and elucidate which types of visual direction tasks are germane to specifying the location of the cyclopean eye. Specifically, the results show that monocular relative direction judgments are highly accurate and precise, are independent of binocular eye position, and cannot be used as the basis from which to infer the position of the cyclopean eye. Absolute direction judgments, on the other hand, are less precise than relative direction judgments, and the accuracy of both monocular and binocular absolute direction judgments is dependent upon binocular eye position. When the eyes converge accurately on the target of interest, absolute direction judgments are accurate. When the eyes converge inaccurately on the target of interest, which is often the case during monocular fixation, absolute direction judgments are inaccurate. These results clarify the important distinction between relative and absolute visual direction and are discussed in terms of how visual directions specified from the cyclopean eye (perceptual variables) are derived from the inputs from the two eyes (physical variables).
Perceiving In Depth Volume 1
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Author : Ian P. Howard
language : en
Publisher: OUP USA
Release Date : 2012-02-24
Perceiving In Depth Volume 1 written by Ian P. Howard and has been published by OUP USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-02-24 with Psychology categories.
The three-volume work Perceiving in Depth is a sequel to Binocular Vision and Stereopsis and to Seeing in Depth, both by Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers. This work is much broader in scope than the previous books and includes mechanisms of depth perception by all senses, including aural, electrosensory organs, and the somatosensory system. Volume 1 reviews sensory coding, psychophysical and analytic procedures, and basic visual mechanisms. Volume 2 reviews stereoscopic vision. Volume 3 reviews all mechanisms of depth perception other than stereoscopic vision. The three volumes are extensively illustrated and referenced and provide the most detailed review of all aspects of perceiving the three-dimensional world.Volume 1 starts with a review of the history of visual science from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century with special attention devoted to the discovery of the principles of perspective and stereoscopic vision. The first chapter also contains an account of early visual display systems, such as panoramas and peepshows, and the development of stereoscopes and stereophotography. A chapter on the psychophysical and analytic procedures used in investigations of depth perception is followed by a chapter on sensory coding and the geometry of visual space. An account of the structure and physiology of the primate visual system proceeds from the eye through the LGN to the visual cortex and higher visual centers. This is followed by a review of the evolution of visual systems and of the development of the mammalian visual system in the embryonic and post-natal periods, with an emphasis on experience-dependent neural plasticity. An account of the development of perceptual functions, especially depth perception, is followed by a review of the effects of early visual deprivation during the critical period of neural plasticity on amblyopia and other defects in depth perception. Volume 1 ends with accounts of the accommodation mechanism of the human eye and vergence eye movements.
Binocular Rivalry A Gateway To Consciousness
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Author : Alexander Maier
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
Binocular Rivalry A Gateway To Consciousness written by Alexander Maier and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Brain-mind problems like consciousness have been stimulating the interest of philosophers and scientists since the ancient times. In the last decades, the dramatic development of neuroscience has allowed studying such phenomena at several different levels – from single neurons to behavior. Binocular rivalry, a paradigm dissociating the sensory input from the conscious perception during dichoptic viewing of incongruent images, has been a celebrated example of such a tool. During the last century, empirical research on binocular rivalry contributed the first important insights into the neuronal mechanisms of subjective visual perception. Recent advances in brain imaging and electrophysiological recording/stimulating techniques as well as novel theoretical concepts and analytical methods could be exploited to expand our knowledge on this fascinating phenomenon of visual perception and elucidate the neural processes underlying visual consciousness. This Research Topic aims to bring together contributions that could expand the current frontiers of knowledge in binocular rivalry. In particular we would like to focus on reviews, hypothesis & theory or original research articles that specifically combine novel concepts, analytical tools and neurophysiological techniques with binocular rivalry. We expect that these contributions will a) integrate the vast knowledge already existing in the field b) formulate and, when possible, address questions under the light of recent methodological advances in neuroscience and c) provide a benchmark that will stimulate future cutting edge research.
The Separation Of Monocular And Binocular Contrast
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Author : Oliver Flynn
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
The Separation Of Monocular And Binocular Contrast written by Oliver Flynn and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Contrast sensitivity (Vision) categories.
The contrast asynchrony is a stimulus configuration that illustrates the visual system's separable responses to luminance and luminance contrast information (Shapiro, 2008; Shapiro et al., 2004). When two disks, whose luminances modulate in phase with each other, are each surrounded by a disk, one light and one dark, observers can see both the in-phase brightness signals and the antiphase contrast signals and can separate the two. Here we present the results of experiments in which observers viewed a similar stimulus dichoptically. We report that no asynchrony is perceived when one eye is presented with modulating disks and the other eye is presented with the black and white surround rings, nor is an asynchrony perceived in gradient versions of the contrast asynchrony. We also explore the "window shade illusion" (Shapiro, Charles, & Shear-Heyman, 2005) dichoptically and find that when a modulating disk is presented to one eye and a horizontally split black/white annulus is presented to the other, observers perceive a "shading" motion up and down the disk. This shading can be seen in either direction in the binocular condition, but it is almost always seen as moving towards low contrast in the monocular condition. These findings indicate the presence of separable retinal and cortical networks for contrast processing at different temporal and spatial scales.
The Constitution Of Visual Consciousness
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Author : Steven M. Miller
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2013-08-28
The Constitution Of Visual Consciousness written by Steven M. Miller and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-28 with Psychology categories.
This volume examines the neuroscience of visual consciousness, drawing on the phenomenon of binocular rivalry. It provides overviews of brain structure and function, the visual system, and neuroscientific methodologies, and then focuses on binocular rivalry from multiple perspectives: historical, psychophysical, electrophysiological, brain-imaging, brain stimulation, clinical and computational, with a glimpse also into the future of research in this exciting field. This is the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade and will be of special interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. In addition, it lays foundations for a forthcoming interdisciplinary volume in this series on the constitution of phenomenal consciousness, making it essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness.