On The Neural Basis Of Binocular Composition
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On The Neural Basis Of Binocular Composition
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Author : Benjamin Lankow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
On The Neural Basis Of Binocular Composition written by Benjamin Lankow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Throughout the brain, parallel processing streams compose the building-blocks of complex neural function. Perhaps the most salient of all parallel streams in the brain are the pathways carrying information from the two eyes. The interaction of these visual pathways has emerged as a promising model for establishing causal links between neural processing and visual perception, but much is unknown regarding where monocular information streams first interact in the brain and what types of neural circuitry support the processing of binocular signals. To address these points, we use psychophysical, physiological, and computational methods to develop an understanding of how the brain processes binocular visual information. We performed physiological and psychophysical experiments in the alert macaque monkey to determine where in the brain visual signals from the two eyes first interact; we demonstrate that visual information remains segregated in monocular streams prior to reaching the visual cortex. We then build on recent advances in the theory of dynamical neural networks to develop a computational framework for binocular combination and binocular rivalry. We demonstrate that surprisingly simple rules of connectivity that are inspired by functional connectivity in the visual cortex are sufficient to generate summation and rivalry in a network model of binocular vision.
Neurovision Neural Bases Of Binocular Vision And Coordination And Their Implications In Visual Training Programs
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Author : Olivier A. Coubard
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2015-10-12
Neurovision Neural Bases Of Binocular Vision And Coordination And Their Implications In Visual Training Programs written by Olivier A. Coubard and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-12 with Binocular vision categories.
Binocular vision is achieved by five neurovisual systems originating in the retina but varying in their destination within the brain. Two systems have been widely studied: the retino-tectal or retino-collicular route, which subserves an expedient and raw estimate of the visual scene through the magnocellular pathway, and the retino-occipital or retino-cortical route, which allows slower but refined analysis of the visual scene through the parvocellular pathway. But there also exist further neurovisual systems: the retino-hypothalamic, retino-pretectal, and accessory optic systems, which play a crucial role in vision though they are less understood. The retino-pretectal pathway projecting onto the pretectum is critical for the pupillary or photomotor reflex. The retino-hypothalamic pathway projecting onto the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates numerous behavioral and biological functions as well as circadian rhythms. The accessory optic system targeting terminal lateral, medial and dorsal nuclei through the paraoptic fasciculus plays a role in head and gaze orientation as well as slow movements. Taken together, these neurovisual systems involve 60% of brain activity, thus highlighting the importance of vision in the functioning and regulation of the central nervous system. But vision is first and foremost action, which makes perception impossible without movement. Binocular coordination is a prerequisite for binocular fusion of the object of interest on the two foveas, thus ensuring visual perception. The retino-collicular pathway is sufficient to elicit reflexive eye movements with short latencies. Thanks to its motor neurons, the superior colliculus activates premotor neurons, which themselves activate motor neurons of the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei. At a higher level, a cascade of neural mechanisms participates in the control of decisional eye movements. The superior colliculus is controlled by the substancia nigra pars reticulata, which is itself gated by subcortical structures such as the dorsal striatum. The superior colliculus is also inhibited by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex through a direct prefrontotectal tract. Cortical areas are crucial for the triggering of eye movements: the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, and parietal eye field. Finally the cerebellum maintains accuracy. The focus of the present research topic, entitled Neural bases of binocular vision and coordination and their implications in visual training programs, is to review the most recent findings in brain imaging and neurophysiology of binocular vision and coordination in humans and animals with frontally-placed eyes. The emphasis is put on studies that enable transfer of knowledge toward visual training programs targeting visual field defects (e.g., hemianopia) and binocular functional disorders (e.g., amblyopia).
The Neural Basis Of Binocular Depth Perception
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Author : Matthew Lindsay Patten
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
The Neural Basis Of Binocular Depth Perception written by Matthew Lindsay Patten and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
How does the human visual system convert two-dimensional projections from our eyes into a three-dimensional percept? One primary method is from binocular disparities, which result from having two horizontally separated eyes and are used to provide a powerful cue to depth in our environment. In this thesis, I use human fMRI to investigate the cortical signals associated with binocular disparity. I address several core issues, including the relationship between cortical activity and perception, the significance of the reference plane on depth configurations, and the topography of disparity signals on the cortical surface. In measuring responses to coarse and fine disparities, researchers typically engage two respective tasks: a signal-in-noise and a feature difference task. In the first chapter, we decouple the disparity magnitude from the perceptual task and examine cortical responses to both of these tasks when using fine disparities. Further, we manipulated performance and identified visual areas whose activity varied in line with perceptual judgments. We reveal that responses in later dorsal regions VIPS and POIPS were closely related to perception for both tasks. In the second chapter, we used a similar manipulation to investigate cortical regions that have solved the correspondence problem and whose responses were consistent with the depth percept of the observer, and reveal that this takes place in V7 and VIPS. The third chapter examines the importance of the reference in disparity calculations. We performed several classifications based on depths that were considered relative to fixation or relative to the surround. We found that early visual areas were most sensitive to disparity edges; dorsal visual areas used both the fixation plane and the surround in computing disparity whereas ventral visual areas processed disparity with reference to the surround. In the fourth chapter, we attempt to identify a topographic organisation of binocular disparity in the visual cortex. We estimate the disparity preferences of each voxel in two distinct ways, and displayed these preferences on a flatmap of the cortical surface. Although we did not observe a topographic map of disparity, we observed a cluster in intermediate dorsal regions (V3A, V3B/KO, V7) that consistently showed a bias towards crossed disparities of a larger magnitude.
Binocular Rivalry A Gateway To Consciousness
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Author : Alexander Maier
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
Binocular Rivalry A Gateway To Consciousness written by Alexander Maier and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Brain-mind problems like consciousness have been stimulating the interest of philosophers and scientists since the ancient times. In the last decades, the dramatic development of neuroscience has allowed studying such phenomena at several different levels – from single neurons to behavior. Binocular rivalry, a paradigm dissociating the sensory input from the conscious perception during dichoptic viewing of incongruent images, has been a celebrated example of such a tool. During the last century, empirical research on binocular rivalry contributed the first important insights into the neuronal mechanisms of subjective visual perception. Recent advances in brain imaging and electrophysiological recording/stimulating techniques as well as novel theoretical concepts and analytical methods could be exploited to expand our knowledge on this fascinating phenomenon of visual perception and elucidate the neural processes underlying visual consciousness. This Research Topic aims to bring together contributions that could expand the current frontiers of knowledge in binocular rivalry. In particular we would like to focus on reviews, hypothesis & theory or original research articles that specifically combine novel concepts, analytical tools and neurophysiological techniques with binocular rivalry. We expect that these contributions will a) integrate the vast knowledge already existing in the field b) formulate and, when possible, address questions under the light of recent methodological advances in neuroscience and c) provide a benchmark that will stimulate future cutting edge research.
Binocular Rivalry
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Author : David Alais
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2005
Binocular Rivalry written by David Alais and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Binocular rivalry categories.
Recent work on perceptual ambiguity and its implications for the correlation between neural events and perceptual experience. Researchers today in neuroscience and cognitive psychology increasingly turn their attention to binocular rivalry and other forms of perceptual ambiguity or bistability. The study of fluctuations in visual perception in the face of unchanging visual input offers a means for understanding the link between neural events and visual events, including visual awareness. Some neuroscientists believe that binocular rivalry reveals a fundamental aspect of human cognition and provides a way to isolate and study brain areas involved in attention and selection. The eighteen essays collected in Binocular Rivalry present the most recent theoretical and empirical work on this key topic by leading researchers in the field. After the opening chapter's overview of the major characteristics of binocular rivalry in their historical contexts, the contributors consider topics ranging from the basic phenomenon of perceptual ambiguity to brain models and neural networks. The essays illustrate the potential power of the study of perceptual ambiguity as a tool for learning about the neural concomitants of visual awareness, or, as they have been called, the "neural correlates of consciousness."
The Constitution Of Visual Consciousness
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Author : Steven M. Miller
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 2013-08-28
The Constitution Of Visual Consciousness written by Steven M. Miller and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-28 with Psychology categories.
This volume examines the neuroscience of visual consciousness, drawing on the phenomenon of binocular rivalry. It provides overviews of brain structure and function, the visual system, and neuroscientific methodologies, and then focuses on binocular rivalry from multiple perspectives: historical, psychophysical, electrophysiological, brain-imaging, brain stimulation, clinical and computational, with a glimpse also into the future of research in this exciting field. This is the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade and will be of special interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. In addition, it lays foundations for a forthcoming interdisciplinary volume in this series on the constitution of phenomenal consciousness, making it essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness.
Binocular Composition Of Monocular Signals
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Author : Oren Yehezkel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Binocular Composition Of Monocular Signals written by Oren Yehezkel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
The Neural Bases Of Multisensory Processes
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Author : Micah M. Murray
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2011-08-25
The Neural Bases Of Multisensory Processes written by Micah M. Murray and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-08-25 with Science categories.
It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses. Organized thematically into nine sub-sections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences. Topics discussed include: Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics Development and plasticity Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience Attention and spatial representations The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.
The Neural Basis Of Visual Object Perception
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Author : Sarah R. Allred
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
The Neural Basis Of Visual Object Perception written by Sarah R. Allred and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
The Neural Basis Of Visual Feature Binding
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Author : Kiley Seymour
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
The Neural Basis Of Visual Feature Binding written by Kiley Seymour and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Neural analyzers categories.